Multi-biometric enrollment kiosk including biometric enrollment and verification, face recognition and fingerprint matching systems

ABSTRACT

A biometric and identity enrollment kiosk for collecting personal data includes a slidable main module and at least one modifiable section removably coupled to the main module. The main module includes a processor and one or more biometric sensing devices coupled to the processor. The one or more biometric sensing devices include a right fingerprint sensor coupled to the processor and a left fingerprint sensor coupled to the processor. The right fingerprint sensor is positioned proximate a right end of the main module and the left fingerprint sensor is positioned proximate a left end of the main module. The right fingerprint sensor is positioned a predetermined distance apart from the left fingerprint sensor. The at least one modifiable section includes at least one first input device coupled to the processor.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No.61/487,463 filed May 18, 2011, the contents of which are herebyincorporated entirely herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to biometric and identity enrollmentsolutions, and, particularly, to biometric enrollment kiosks forcapturing, for example, face, iris, fingerprint, signature, and documentdata.

BACKGROUND

Biometric systems are used to collect biometric information fromindividuals for issuance of identifying documents, identity badges,credit cards, and documents entitling people to benefits. These systemsgenerally collect information such as fingerprints, facial images,and/or other biometric data. A local operator is generally required tomonitor, perform in-person proofing, and guide the collection process.If any documents are required to be collected from an individual, suchdocuments are manually scanned and verified by the physically presentoperator in a time-consuming process. As a result, the document proofingprocess is left to the judgment of an operator that has littleexperience and limited exposure to the totality of acceptable documenttypes. As a result and for example, some enrollment and documentcollection processes may require at least 45 minutes.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present invention relates to biometric solutions including face,fingerprint, signature, and dual iris biometric capture, processing,quality checking and matching in addition to identity documentationcollection and proofing. Specifically, the present invention relates toa biometric and identity enrollment station, which may be self-serviceor operator assisted, with either a remote or local on-site operator, orboth. The biometric enrollment station may be a desktop or countertopkiosk, or a stand-alone station. The biometric enrollment station iseasily transported and installed.

Conventional biometric systems suffer from a number of problems. It hasbeen discovered that one of the problems is switching or fraud duringthe enrollment process. For example, a person having no criminal orotherwise suspect background could attempt to go through all or part ofan enrollment process on behalf of a person having a criminal orotherwise suspect background. Moreover, conventional biometric systemsare generally only monitored on-site by an operator, or in other words,the area surrounding a particular biometric system cannot be monitoredremotely. Fraud may occur in such systems as an enrollee can more easilyinfluence an on-site operator to allow another person to actfraudulently as an imposter and go through all or part of the enrollmentprocess. Conventional biometric systems also require an on-site operatorto instruct the applicant each step of the enrollment process, toinspect the proof of identity breeder documents and to ensure that thereis no switching or fraud. The cost of the on-site operator significantlyincreases the cost of biometric and identity enrollment, while leavingopen the possibility for fraud. Conventional biometric systems are notdesigned for remotely supervised operation. These and other issues withconventional biometric and identity enrollment systems result insignificant monetary losses and other disadvantages.

Moreover it has been discovered that conventional biometric systems areprone to component theft and destruction since all the components ofsuch systems are generally not integrated into one distinct unit but arecomposed of separate components loosely connected by wires or cables.Biometric systems are generally placed in publicly accessible locations,thus, the issue of component theft or tampering is persistent. Theconventional systems often use cameras and other components that havewide use, making them attractive objects for theft. Such conventionalsystems are also difficult and time-consuming to transport and are proneto unauthorized component rearrangement by unauthorized personnel.Transport of such systems generally requires all the components to bedisconnected from one another and to be transported as separate units.The systems then need to be reassembled at their destination by anexpert technician since there are many different components, cables andpower units that require proper connection. Accordingly, conventionalbiometric systems require expert technicians to install or reinstall,and such systems require considerable time for the assembly andsubsequent testing.

It has been further discovered that another problem in the conventionalart occurs when shadows and other factors degrading the quality of theimages obtained by image capture devices that impact biometric matchingoutcomes. Yet another problem in the conventional art is providing adevice that meets the requirements of the Americans with DisabilitiesAct (ADA) and other government regulations for those enrollees hamperedby mobility and reach issues. In addition to this, conventional devicesare encumbered by stationary height locations of required capturecomponents causing degraded and low quality capture of required enrolleebiometrics. Still another problem in the conventional art relates tooperator maintenance of an enrollment kiosk without compromising thesecurity of the data being collected. As discussed above, anotherproblem in the conventional art is the relatively long time periodrequired to process a single enrollee. Conventionally, the entireenrollment process may require at least 45 minutes, which makes theprocess difficult to employ on a large-scale basis, especially in hightraffic areas such as airports.

It has been discovered that another significant concern withconventional enrollment stations is that they are dependent on remoteserver response and verification of enrollee information or enrolleecredentials. Such systems are impracticable and unusable in cases ofemergencies, especially those emergencies that affect large segments ofthe population, such as natural disasters, health epidemics, etc. Insuch situations, fast and efficient identity verification is needed themost, yet, conventional server-dependent systems are unable to providefast and efficient identity verification as the servers cannot cope withthe large volume of calls coming through. Thus, in cases of anemergency, the servers seize due to request volume and identityverification cannot be performed, which, in essence, defies one of themajor purposes behind having biometric enrollment stations in the firstplace since they are needed the most in cases of emergencies.Accordingly, there is a significant and pressing need for systems thatare able to complete the biometric enrollment process without requiringany support or feedback from a server or remote entity.

Moreover, the conventional systems are not configured to be modifiableto individual customer demands. In other words, conventional systemshave a pre-set configuration that may not be changed. Over time,customer needs and demands change and the conventional systems forcecustomers to purchase entirely new systems as those needs becomerequired. In biometric enrollment systems, many of factors depend ongovernment requirements and specifications, which often change.Conventional systems are unable to simply remotely update the softwareand/or change the hardware to meet these new government specifications.

The present invention includes a fully integrated, modifiable,enrollment card-centric, and ergonomically presented biometric kiosk orenrollment kiosk for attended, remote supervision, or self-service usethat overcomes these and many other problems in the conventional art.

In one aspect of the present invention, a biometric enrollment kiosk forcollecting personal data includes a main module and at least onemodifiable section removably coupled to the main module. The main moduleincludes a processor and one or more biometric sensing devices coupledto the processor. The one or more biometric sensing devices include aright fingerprint sensor coupled to the processor and a left fingerprintsensor coupled to the processor. The right fingerprint sensor ispositioned proximate a right end of the main module and the leftfingerprint sensor is positioned proximate a left end of the mainmodule. The right fingerprint sensor is positioned a predetermineddistance apart from the left fingerprint sensor. The at least onemodifiable section includes at least one first input device coupled tothe processor.

In another aspect of the present invention, a method of collectingpersonal data with an enrollment station includes continuouslymonitoring, by a scene camera coupled to a processor, an areasurrounding the biometric enrollment station to prevent fraud and/or theability to allow for remote operator proofing. The method furtherincludes inserting, by a person, a smartcard into a smartcard readercoupled to the processor; acquiring, by at least one fingerprint sensorcoupled to the processor, at least one fingerprint from the person; andacquiring, by the processor via at least one first input device coupledto the processor, images of at least one identifying document. Themethod also includes encrypting, by the processor, all the collectedpersonal and enrollment processing metrics data.

In another aspect of the present invention, a biometric enrollment kioskfor collecting personal data includes an adjustable main module, a liftunit slidably coupled to the main module, and at least one modifiablesection removably coupled to the main module. The main module includes aprocessor and one or more biometric sensing devices coupled to theprocessor. The one or more biometric sensing devices include at leastone fingerprint sensor coupled to the processor and at least one cameracoupled to the processor. The main module is configured to move axiallyalong the lift unit. The at least one modifiable section includes atleast one first input device.

In a further aspect of the present invention, a biometric enrollmentkiosk for collecting personal data includes a main module and at leastone modifiable section removably coupled to the main module. The mainmodule includes an embedded web service component and one or morebiometric sensing devices coupled to the web service component. The oneor more biometric sensing devices includes a right fingerprint sensorcoupled to the web service component and a left fingerprint sensorcoupled to the web service component. The right fingerprint sensor ispositioned a predetermined distance apart from the left fingerprintsensor; and. The at least one modifiable section includes at least onefirst input device coupled to the web service component.

In yet another aspect of the present invention, the biometric enrollmentprocess is completed in about 5 minutes or less. In another aspect, thebiometric enrollment system is easily transportable.

Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description. It should beunderstood, however, that the detailed description and the specificexamples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, aregiven by way of illustration only, since various changes andmodifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will becomeapparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent upon reading the following detailed description and uponreference to the drawings. Reference characters and numbers refer to thesame parts throughout the various views whenever possible. The drawingsare not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed uponillustrating principles of various embodiments of the invention. Whereillustrations refer to specific manufacturer and model numbers forhardware elements of various embodiments of the invention, thereferences are intended to be illustrative, not restrictive. It will beobvious to those skilled in the art that a variety of equipmentsupporting similar functions may be substituted for the componentsactually shown in the illustrations.

FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a self-service accessiblemulti-biometric enrollment (MBE) kiosk;

FIG. 1A illustrates a close-up view of a user interface of the kiosk ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 1B illustrates an iris camera sensor of the kiosk of FIG. 1;

FIG. 1C illustrates a user interacting with the kiosk 100;

FIG. 1D illustrates a user in a standing position touching a touchscreenof the kiosk of FIG. 1;

FIG. 1E illustrates the perspective of the scene camera with respect tothe user and the kiosk components surrounding the user of FIG. 1D.

FIG. 1F is a screen shot of an MBE Service Event Log;

FIG. 2A illustrates a perspective view of a self service accessiblebiometric enrollment kiosk being accessed by a user who is in a sittingposition;

FIG. 2B illustrates a perspective view of a countertop kiosk;

FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view of a self service accessiblebiometric enrollment kiosk having an alternate arrangement of input andoutput devices;

FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of an attended biometricenrollment kiosk;

FIG. 5A illustrates a perspective view of a desktop/countertop biometricenrollment station in a deployed position;

FIG. 5B illustrates a perspective view of the desktop/countertopbiometric enrollment station in a stowed or upright position;

FIG. 5C illustrates a perspective view of another desktop/countertopbiometric enrollment station for face, and fingerprint capture;

FIG. 5D illustrates a perspective view of a desktop/countertop biometricenrollment station for face, fingerprint, signature, iris, and barcodecapture;

FIG. 6A illustrates a perspective view of a face enrollment station;

FIG. 6B illustrates a perspective view of a face enrollment stationhaving a monitor;

FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of a camera included in thebiometric verification station for identity verification withoutsupplementary light;

FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view of supplementary infrared lightincluded in the biometric verification station for identityverification;

FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view of a turnstile or eGate and anaccess control device included in the biometric verification station foridentity verification;

FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of a card reader, a personalidentification number (PIN) entry device, a fingerprint reader, a facereader and an iris reader;

FIG. 11 is a screen shot of face image processing software;

FIG. 12 are images showing an example of image capture correction outputof a 12-bit camera to an 8-bit input of a facial recognition algorithm;

FIG. 12A is an original 12-bit image;

FIGS. 12B and 12D are cropped portions of the original 12-bit image;

FIGS. 12C and 12E are adjusted 8-bit images resulting from the imagesshown in FIGS. 12B and 12D, respectively;

FIG. 13 is an image taken with two 500 W halogen lights placed about twofeet away, to the left and above the subject's head;

FIG. 14 is an image taken under the same conditions as in FIG. 13 withthe exception of a 35 W low pressure sodium lamp positioned about sixfeet away from the subject and close to the camera;

FIG. 15 is an image where the background of the image is a coveredliquid crystal display (LCD) monitor switched on;

FIG. 16 is an image where the background of the image is the covered LCDmonitor switched off;

FIG. 17 is an image resulting from analysis of the images shown in FIGS.15 and 16 where the background of the image is overwritten with anarbitrary color value.

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way ofexample in the drawings and will be described in detail herein. Itshould be understood, however, that the invention is not intended to belimited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention is tocover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling withinthe spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Multimodal Biometric Enrollment Kiosk

FIGS. 1A-E illustrates an example kiosk 100 designed according toaspects of the present invention. The kiosk 100 is designed to be aflexible, multi-application, multi-customer (i.e., government agencies)shared biometric enrollment kiosk. The kiosk 100 is designed toaccommodate a range of custom configurations without impacting the corefunctionality and associated software. The kiosk 100 is designed for:quality biometric image capture with automated quality checking againstgovernment standards, including U.S. Government Homeland SecurityPresidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12) for Personal Identity Verification(PIV and PIV-I), accessibility for the disabled in accordance withgovernment regulations, such as the Equality Act 2010 (United Kingdom)and the ADA (United States), reliability for long life in public places,self-service or local or remotely supervised operations, ease ofmaintenance, security, privacy, ease of use, minimum transaction time,transaction audit trail, performance reporting, and compliance withapplicable standards.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the multimodal biometric enrollmentkiosk 100 with a main module 102, a right modifiable section 104, a leftmodifiable section 106, and a lift unit 108. The main module 102includes a right end 110 and a left end 112. The right section 104 andthe left section 106 are fully customizable based on customer needs andinterchangeable. The changes may also be made post-production. In otherwords, the components listed as being coupled to or located on the leftsection 106 may be coupled to or located on the right section 104.Similarly, the components listed as being coupled to or located on theright section 104 may be coupled to or located on the left section 106.Moreover, additional components may be added or different components maybe substituted for the components shown on the left section 106 andright section 104.

The right section 104 is removably coupled to the right end 110 of themain module 102. The left section 106 is removably coupled to the leftend 112 of the main module 102. The main module 102 mounts on and isslidably coupled to the lift unit 108. The main module 108 is configuredto move axially between a top end 114 and a bottom end 116. The kiosk100 is configured to accommodate enrollees of various heights, includingenrollees of heights between about 3 feet (0.91 m) and about 7 feet(2.13 m) or above. The kiosk 100 is configured to accommodateindividuals that are wheel-chaired, including petite sized individuals.

The main module 102 includes a screen 118 that may be a touchscreenmonitor. The screen 118 may have a diagonal of about 18 inches (0.46 m)or any other suitable size. When an enrollee approaches the kiosk 100,the kiosk 100 may be adapted to detect that an enrollee is present usingone or more of scene camera 123, face camera 124, or dual iris camera126. In another aspect, the enrollee can prompt the kiosk 100 to beginthe enrollment session by touching the touchscreen 118. After detectionof the enrollee, the kiosk 100 detects the face and/or eyes of theenrollee using one or more of the cameras 123, 124, or 126, and thekiosk 100 lowers or rises from its starting height to a height thatmatches or aligns with the level of the eyes of the enrollee of thekiosk 100, as shown, for example, in FIG. 1C, where alignment is shownwith a horizontal dashed two-headed arrow 162. The present inventionsolves the government regulations compliance problem by providing aphysical interface that automatically adjusts to the eye level of thesubject to be serviced. At this point and in this manner, the kiosk 100is made more user-friendly to the enrollee, and the various input andoutput devices of the kiosk 100 are provided at an appropriate heightfor users of heights between about 3 feet (0.91 m) and 7 feet (2.13 m)or higher, including seated and wheel-chair bound users.

The right section 104 includes a smartcard reader 120. The operator orenrollee may be prompted (using audio and/or visual prompts) to producea smartcard which is inserted into a slot 122 of the smartcard reader120. The smartcard reader may also include a contactless surfaceconfigured to interact with the smartcard without requiring physicalinsertion contact with the smartcard, i.e., the smartcard reader 120 maybe contactless.

A multi-capability card that has several storage compartments (silos)and has the capacity to store enrollment information pertaining to morethan one user, while keeping the information pertaining to differentusers separate from one another, such that a user may only access his orher own information is disclosed in U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No.2011/0178930, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. Systems and methods for generation,management, and use of personal identification tokens for storinginformation in a secure electronic format for use in variousinteractions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,278,026, the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

An operator that is present at the kiosk 100 location is required toinsert a smartcard containing credentials that must be verified toensure the validity of the smartcard. The operator identification isalso checked against an operator revocation list to ensure that theoperator is current and valid. The operator must authenticate thesession by using a PIN number or fingerprint or both to confirm that heor she is the rightful owner of the smartcard. For the case ofremotely-assisted enrollment (i.e., remote identity proofing), theoperator at the remote location would also have to use a smartcard andauthenticate in a similar manner.

Once the operator inserts the smartcard into the slot 122 and isauthenticated, a processor of the kiosk 100 makes a determination as towhat kind of a user the authenticated cardholder is. Generally, thereare four types of users: (1) an enrollee, (2) an operator, (3) anoperator with maintenance privileges, and (4) a supervisor with overrideprivileges. Users with different access have different levels of accessto the system as will be discussed in further detail below. The presentinvention solves the problem related to operator maintenance of thekiosk 100 without compromising the security of the data being collectedby ranking the quality of input and presenting information about thequality of the input to the operator that allows the operator toidentify problems with, for example, a dirty sensor but without givingthe operator access to the personal identity data itself.

If the smartcard is removed from the smartcard reader slot 122, or, incontactless systems, if the smartcard is removed a predetermineddistance away from the smartcard reader 120, the kiosk 100 may beconfigured to turn on a secure screensaver and halt the enrollmentsession until the smartcard is returned. If the smartcard that issubsequently placed into the smartcard reader slot 122 or, incontactless systems engaged with the smartcard reader 120, is the samesmartcard that was used immediately before it was removed, the processormay return the enrollment session back to the last completed step of theenrollment session. Thus, the enrollee is not required to repeat any ofthe steps that were previously completed. Thus, if the enrollee's faceimage, iris images, and fingerprints have already been collected, theenrollee will not be required to repeat the steps of collecting thatdata. This is particularly useful in cases where the enrollee and/or theoperator have a question or concern about a particular enrollment stepthat they cannot figure out without assistance. This may happen if thereis a unique circumstance that needs a supervisor's attention. The kiosk100 according to the present invention allows a halt or pause to theenrollment session to receive proper guidance regarding any issue from aremote operator or locally present supervisor. The enrollee is thenallowed to return back to the point where the enrollee left off withoutpotential compromise to the collected data while the kiosk 100 is leftunattended. If the kiosk 100 is being operated in a remote supervisionmode, a smartcard used at the remote location can substitute for the useof the kiosk smartcard reader 120.

The kiosk 100 does not depend on a centralized server verification ofthe data present on the smartcard or any other enrolled data. Anyinformation that needs to be verified is present on the smartcard, andthe processor of the kiosk 100 is configured to verify this data withoutrequiring centralized server feedback. This greatly enhances theusefulness and applicability of the kiosk 100 because even ifcentralized servers crash or are not operating, the kiosk 100 may stillbe used to perform enrollment. In cases of emergency, even the mostpowerful servers tend to crash due to volume of calls and inquiries.Moreover, even if such servers do not crash, the amount of time itrequires to receive any sort of a response from the server inemergencies is increased to an unreasonable duration, generally severalhours. The entire biometric enrollment session may be completed withoutrequiring any server feedback or verification. Moreover, the time ittakes to complete the enrollment session is independent of any serverissues or emergencies. Thus, the kiosk 100 is a secure system, theoperation of which is not affected by server outages or emergencies.

The kiosk 100 includes an internal processor, a power supply and powerdistribution systems, where the USB power distribution and cableharnesses complete the core unit.

The kiosk 100 includes a scene camera 123. The Federal Governmentrequires identity proofing through the enrollment process with operatorassistance. By using the scene camera 123 of the present invention, theoperator of the device can attest to the integrity of the enrollmentprocess of each enrollee. The scene camera 123 gives the operator of thekiosk 100 the ability to perform an operator assisted/driven enrollmentfrom a remote or centralized location, which reduces manpower andtherefore cost and increases efficiencies. The scene camera also enablesthe kiosk 100 to be used in a self-service mode with no operatorsupervision. In this case, the video of the transaction provides a meansfor post transaction video review in real time replay or fast timereplay and for transaction audit. This further reduces the operatorlabor cost per enrollment transaction. Referring now to FIG. 1E, thescene camera 123 monitors and records the area surrounding the kiosk100. In particular, the scene camera 123 focuses on access to thesensors located on the main module 102 as well as the right section 104and left section 106. The scene camera 123 monitors access to thesmartcard reader 120, credit-card sized document reader 140, single-sidedocument scanner 142, right fingerprint sensor 134, left fingerprintsensor 136, keyboard 146, backlit signature capture device 148, anddual-side document scanner 144. The scene camera 123 monitors who hasaccess to these and other components of the kiosk 100 to ensure that theenrollee is entering his or her information and not someone else's. Datarecorded by the scene camera 123 can be appended to the enrollmentrecord and stored off-site to maximize data integrity thus eliminatingkiosk stored data security risks. When the kiosk 100 is not performingan enrollment, the scene camera 123 may be in surveillance moderecording a video of the area surrounding the kiosk 100.

As shown in FIG. 1E a scene camera 123 may be used to capture the imageof the enrollee and the room or background surrounding the user 200 ofthe kiosk 100. The scene camera 123 allows an operator of the kiosk 100to maintain integrity of the entire biometric enrollment process byensuring that no one in the area surrounding the enrollee issubstituting their biometric information for the person having, as forexample a driver's license that is used to identify the enrollee. Thescene camera helps to address and eliminate the problem of switchingand/or fraud in the enrolment process by continuously recording the areasurrounding the kiosk 100. The video of each enrollment session isretained as part of the transaction record to facilitate transactionaudits as required.

The main module 102 includes a face camera 124 that acquires an image ofthe face of the enrollee. The enrollee may be prompted to look into theface camera 124 to obtain the enrollee's facial image. Once the enrolleegets to the face image capturing step, the enrollee clicks theappropriate prompt that schedules the face camera 124 to acquire animage of the face. Generally, after the enrollee clicks the prompt, theenrollee is given a predetermined amount of time—which may be a fewseconds—to adjust his position relative to the face camera 124. The facecamera 124 takes a predetermined number of images, which may be 60 ormore images, from a single prompt by the user. The processor thenselects a predetermined number of best quality images to be used for theenrollment process. The processor may select three best compliant imagesfor processing and storage. The enrollee or an operator may then selectone of the best quality compliant images selected by the processor forthe enrollment process. In another aspect, the processor may select oneimage to be used for the enrollment process. The face camera 124 isconfigured to acquire images of the face of the enrollee even if theenrollee is moving, not centered side to side within the frame of thecamera or not optimally located in distance from camera to enrollee. Theprocessor includes a data storage area for storing, for example, galleryimages of enrollees. If a gallery images are available, then theprocessor of the kiosk 100 performs a biometric match to confirm thatthere is no substitution or imposter, which provides added security.

If none of the images acquired by the face camera 124 are compliant oracceptable, the enrollment kiosk will not capture (i.e., use for theenrollment process) images until presented with a proper frontal imageof the enrollee. This is an automated process. According to anotheraspect, if the enrollee does not like the acquired image or images, theenrollee may prompt the kiosk 100 to acquire another set of images withthe face camera 124.

The present invention solves the problem associated with shadows inimages that degrade the quality of the images obtained by image capturedevices of the present invention by utilizing novel lighting andautomatically ranking images based on image quality characteristics. Thekiosk 100 of the present invention may perform the following functions:find the face of the person to be enrolled, divide the image intoquadrants, identify and adjust shadows in the image, identify and adjustsaturation levels in the image, make adjustments to the lighting byutilizing dynamic feedback, which may include changes to intensity.

The face camera 124 is positioned at eye height of the enrolleeregardless of the enrollee's height. The processor may automaticallyadjust the axial position of the main module such that the face camera124 is at eye height of the enrollee. In another aspect, the enrollee orthe operator may use the height adjustment keys 152 or height/volumeadjustment keys 154 to manually adjust the axial position of the mainmodule. The height adjustment keys 154 may also be used to adjust thevolume of the voice prompts of the kiosk 100. The height/volumeadjustment keys 154 are positioned such that an operator does not haveto come into close physically proximity or contact of the enrollee toadjust the position of the main module 102, making the enrollmentprocess more comfortable and private. Because the face camera 124 ispositioned at eye height of the enrollee, the enrollee does not have tolook up or down at the face camera 124, which may cause imagedistortion, but instead can look straight at the camera, resulting inthe highest quality of images for both printing and biometric matching.

The face camera 124 may be any suitable biometric face camera and lenscombination including high resolution. The resolution of the face camera124 may be between about 1.2 and about 12 or higher megapixels. The facecamera 124 ensures a wide field of view for easy and flexible captureand higher than 120 pixels between the eyes resolution. The enrollee maystand at a distance of about 75 cm from the face camera 126. In anotheraspect, the enrollee may stand at a distance of about 50 to about 120 cmfrom the camera. Capture distance is dependent on camera and lensconfiguration selection to meet customer or environmental requirements.

Vision processing software image quality checking ensures facerecognition and ISO/IEC and ICAO compliant images every time. Thisprovides high accuracy face and eye finding and the ability to measurepose angle (with a threshold of ±5 degrees) and a check of theillumination on the face and a check for background consistency andbackground shadows. Vision processing software provides image centering,scaling, cropping and checking of image quality and the compression forstorage. Illumination checking includes hot spots, glare and shadows onthe face. Sub-second feedback to the enrollee assists the enrollee inproperly positioning himself or herself and prompts the enrollee toremove clothing or glasses that may make the face image unsuitable.Since the camera is taking many images during this process, the softwarecan select the best compliant image for processing and storage.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the facial image captured bythe face camera 124 is a multi megapixel, International Civil AviationOrganization (ICAO) type II or type III, color image. The face camera124 may also capture, several seconds, for example 2-3 seconds, of fullmotion video, which results in about 60-90 images. Utilizing thesoftware of the present invention, the images are automatically cropped,landmarks are set, each image is analyzed, scored and ranked, landmarkssuch as eye sockets are identified, facial features are identified, andeach image is scored to determine the best frontal image. The images areranked, the top three images are autocorrected to reduce or eliminatefeatures such as artifacts or shadows. Optionally, the person beingenrolled or the operator may be given a choice to select from the topranked images based on their personal preferences.

The face camera 124 includes lighting units 125 attached to the rightend 110 and left end 112 of the main module 102. The lighting units 125adjust the lighting intensity on the face of the enrollee to ensure welllit face images without saturation for changing ambient lightingconditions and skin tones. The lighting units 125 may be LED lights thatallow for optimal maintenance of white balance in the captured imagesthroughout the life of the units over time.

The main module 102 includes a dual iris camera 126 for acquiring imagesof the right and left irises of the enrollee at a short distance between12 and 16 inches. The enrollees position themselves so that they seetheir eyes in the mirrored portion of the iris capture unit of the kiosk100 for this step. The enrollee is prompted to move closer or movefurther away from the dual iris camera 126 if needed. The dual iriscamera 126 includes a position indicator 132 that changes colordepending on the position of the enrollee relative to the iris camera126. If the indicator 132 is blue, the enrollee is too far from the dualiris camera 126 and needs to move forward. If the indicator 132 is red,the enrollee is too close to the dual iris camera 126 and needs to stepback. If the enrollee is at an optimal position relative to the dualiris camera 126, the indicator turns green. The kiosk 100 also providesaudio clues through a speaker (not shown) or headphones connected viathe headphone jack 155 shown in FIG. 1A regarding the enrollee'sposition relative to the dual iris camera 126. The kiosk 100 alsoprovides on-screen indications regarding the enrollee's position,including written instructions and a color grid.

The dual iris camera 126 is activated by a prompt on the monitor 118 ofthe kiosk main module 102, which causes the main module 102, along withthe dual iris camera 126, to move to an appropriate location which isoptimal for each person being enrolled. The dual iris camera 126continuously takes images of the right and left iris of the enrolleeuntil a compliant image is acquired, providing a fast and accurate dualiris capture. The kiosk 100 may utilize a pair of iris cameras or asingle camera that uses software to process image data into the desiredformat. Referring now to FIG. 1B, the dual iris camera 126 also includesa screen 158 that allows the enrollee to see a reflection or image oftheir eyes, which also assists the enrollees with properly positioningthemselves and with acquiring compliant iris images. Images are notacquired if positioning or eye quality metrics are not met. As forexample, recent National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)requirements established for Iris capture.

The main module 102 includes a right fingerprint sensor 134 and a leftfingerprint sensor 136. The right fingerprint sensor 134 is separatedfrom the left fingerprint sensor 136 such that it makes it verydifficult and/or uncomfortable for the enrollee to cross hands andenroll his left fingerprints with the right fingerprint sensor 134 andhis right fingerprints with the left fingerprint sensor 136. The designon the right fingerprint sensor 134 and the left fingerprint sensor 136,and their positions relative to one another is ergonomic, making itcomfortable and instinctive to enroll the right fingerprints with theright fingerprint sensor 134 and the left fingerprint with the leftfingerprint sensor 136. The left fingerprint sensor may be angledtowards the left side away from the main module 102 and the rightfingerprint sensor may be towards the right side away from the mainmodule 102 to prevent the possibility of hand crossing. This handcrossing would be attempted to circumvent adjudication processing suchas fingerprint background checks or duplicate enrollee (fraud) checks.This eliminates the problem that an inattentive operator may not noticethat the enrollee crossed his hands. Moreover, this eliminates theproblem that the enrollee inadvertently enrolls his right fingerprintsas the left and his left fingerprints as the right. Providing twofingerprint sensors instead of one also increases the accuracy of thedata collection as it ensures that the enrollee enrolls the correctfingerprints when prompted. Since the enrollee is prompted to enrollboth his right and left fingerprints simultaneously, this prevents theproblem commonly encountered with systems employing only one fingerprintsensor that the enrollee enrolls the right fingerprints when prompted toenroll the left fingerprints and vice versa. The right fingerprintsensor 134 and the left fingerprint sensor 136 are separated, onaverage, by a distance of about 17-19 inches (0.43-0.48 m).

The enrollee may be prompted to enroll his fingerprints. The processoris configured to reposition the axial position of the main module 102 toaccommodate each enrollee in order to optimize fingerprint capture in anautomated fashion. The right and left fingerprint sensors 134 and 136are configured to collect one right and one left fingerprint at a time.Collecting only one right and/or one left fingerprint at a timeincreases the accuracy and the level of detail and reduces smear andresidual fingerprints provided by previous fingerprint scans.

In another aspect, the right and left fingerprint sensors 134 and 136may also be configured to collect two, three, four, or five right andleft fingerprints at a time. The processor collects the fingerprint dataand provides a feedback screen on the monitor 118 indicating whetherfingerprints of acceptable quality have been collected. The fingerprintsmay be assigned the rating excellent (1), very good (2), good (3) or notacceptable as per applicable fingerprint quality algorithms such as NISTNIFQ standards. Any fingerprint that is not acceptable needs to becollected again. Re-enrolling a fingerprint that has been previouslyrated as excellent, very good, or good, the processor saves thepreviously collected fingerprint until another acceptable fingerprint isenrolled. Alternatively, the processor may save the previously collectedfingerprint until a higher rated fingerprint is acquired.

The main module 102 may include only one fingerprint sensor, which maybe any commercially available fingerprint sensor. The only onefingerprint sensor may be a 4-4-2 fingerprint capture device thatcaptures four fingers of the left hand simultaneously followed by fourfingers of the right hand simultaneously and then both thumbssimultaneously.

The enrollee or the operator is allowed to input information related tothe inability of capturing fingerprints (one or more fingers). Forexample, if one of the needed fingers is amputated, has a bandage on it,or if the fingerprints may not be obtained for other reasons, includingthat the enrollee has substandard fingerprints, which is a common issuewith enrollees that work in construction. These annotations, amputated,unobtainable print or damaged/bandaged. are available for each requiredcapture and made part of the enrollment record.

The right section 104 also includes a credit-card sized document reader140 for collecting information from documents that have the dimensionsof a credit card (known as an ID-1 size document), including stateidentification cards and driver's licenses. The credit-card sizeddocument (with a size of about 54 by 86 mm) is inserted into the slot138. The processor scans both sides of the credit-card sized documentand collects all the information stored on it. For example, if thedocument is a state driver's license, the processor collects informationfrom the front and back of the card, including the security features andthe enrollee's picture. This eliminates the need to manually drag theenrollee's picture into a small space reserved for the picture, whichincreases accuracy and ease of use.

Moreover, the processor automatically checks authenticity of thecredit-card sized document such as a state driver's license, whichsignificantly increases security. At airports, the security personnelgenerally shine infra-red light at state identification cards anddriver's licenses to determine authenticity. However, usually, thesecurity personnel is only closely familiar with the driver's licensesand identification cards of a handful of states, meaning that they mightbe guessing as to the authenticity of other documents. This is becausedifferent states have different security features; moreover, thesecurity features may change. It is very difficult, if not impossible,for an individual to remember which security features each state'sidentifying documents have. Moreover, it is nearly impossible for anindividual to keep up with the changes in security documents. Further,the security personnel is only able to, on average, check for one or twosecurity feature, while state identification cards and driver's licensesare usually equipped with a plurality of such features. This leads tosecurity issues at airports because the personnel may be letting peoplethrough with non-authentic documents. The kiosk 100 of the presentinvention eliminates this issue. Security features of the identifyingdocuments of all states are pre-loaded into the software. The processor100 then simply checks all the security features present on theidentifying document to the list of security features that has beenpre-loaded onto the software. Moreover, if there is a security featureupdate for certain state's identifying document, the software is updatedto reflect the change. Thus, the credit-card sized document reader 140completely eliminates the human factor in checking the authenticity ofidentifying documents by checking all the security featuressimultaneously and keeping up with any security feature updates. Theprocessor retains images of the front, back and front under infra-redlight as part of the enrollment record. Automated documentauthentication enables remote supervision of a biometric enrollment asthe need for visual inspection of breeder documents is reduced oreliminated.

The right section 104 also includes a document scanner 142. The documentscanner 142 scans one side of a document that is placed inside it. Thedocument scanner 142 scans documents such as passports known as ID-2sized documents and other documents whose nature makes it difficult orimpossible to pass through a two-sided scanner. The document scanner 142also scans documents that are too fragile to pass through a two-sidedscanner. The document scanner 142 can be secured in the left section 106and presented at a suitable height for easy operation for all users. Thedocument scanner 142 may be 400 dpi with ePassport chip readingcapability.

The left section 106 includes a dual-side document scanner 144. Theenrollee may insert documents having a width of 8.5 inches (0.22 m) orsmaller and any length into the dual-side document scanner 144. Thedual-side document scanner 144 allows for scanning of documents that donot meet letter standard, which are difficult and time-consuming to scanwith a flatbed scanner. Additionally, the dual-side document scanner 144allows the document to pass through it, which allows for the dual-sidedocument scanner 144 to remain compact.

The main module 102 also includes a keyboard 146 that allows theenrollee or the operator to manually enter any required information,including the enrollee's name, if necessary, or reasons why certain datacannot be collected. As shown, the keyboard 146 is a physical keyboardintegrated into the main module 102. The keyboard may also be a virtualkeyboard provided on the touchscreen 118. The kiosk 100 may also includeboth the keyboard 146 and a virtual keyboard provided on the touchscreen118. For example, it may be required that additional enrolleedemographic or biographic data is required. This information may beentered by the enrollee or operator.

The main module 102 includes a backlit signature capture device 148 thatis provided with a stylus 150. At the end of the biometric enrollmentprocess, a notice appears on the screen 118 prompting the enrollee toprovide his or her signature on the backlit signature capture device 148with the stylus 150. The notice may comply with any notice requirementsset by a specific state or customer and may generally include anattestation as to the accuracy of the provided information and noticeregarding penalties, including criminal penalties, for providing falseinformation. The kiosk software checks to determine whether the acquiredsignature is clear and within the predetermined requirements. Thesignature acquired by the backlit signature capture device 148 may alsobe used for signature biometric enrollment and verification. At the endof the process, the enrollee may be prompted by the touchscreen 118 toindicate completion of the process by pressing an appropriate field onthe touchscreen 118. The entire process may be completed, for example,in about one minute and 30 seconds.

Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 1A, lighted guiding indicators 128controlled by the processor are provided proximate the smartcard reader120, the credit card sized document scanner 140, the single sidedocument scanner 142, the right and left fingerprint sensors 134 and136, the backlit signature capture device 148, and the dual sidedocument scanner. The lighted guiding indicator 128 may be a green, red,blue, yellow, or any other color LED. The lighted guiding indicator 128is configured to light up before the enrollee is prompted to interactwith a particular component of the kiosk 100 and during any suchinteraction. For example, the lighted guiding indicator 128 proximatethe right and left fingerprint sensors 134 and 136 illuminate when it istime for the enrollee to place his or her fingerprints onto therespective scanner. Remote operator assistance is also provided.Provision of this service in selected languages is provided, ifrequired.

The lighted guiding indicator 128 is configured to emit constant light.Alternatively, the lighted guiding indicator 128 is configured to blinkat constant predetermined time intervals. The lighted guiding indicator128 acts as a visual cue and is configured to attract the enrollee andguide the enrollee to interact with an appropriate component of thekiosk 100.

The main module 102 includes an emergency stop button 156 that allowsthe enrollee or the operator to stop the enrollment process at anydesired moment in time. The kiosk 100 may include a microphone (notshown). Thus, the enrollee may be required to provide a voice sample forfurther authenticity validation of the enrollee's information, biometricverification and identification of the enrollee. The voice sample alsohelps to prevent fraudulent enrollments and/or mistaken duplication ofenrollment by the enrollee. For some customer applications, some of thecapabilities may not be required and so the kiosk 100 may be configuredwith those adjustments. The kiosk 100 includes only two external cords—apower cord and a network cord, which greatly enhances the ease oftransportability of the kiosk 100 since only two cords need to beunplugged. The kiosk 100 has the following approximate dimensions:height—90 inches (2.29 m), depth—20 inches (0.51 m), width—42 inches(1.07 m). Thus, the kiosk 100 can easily fit in most standard elevatorsand doors. Thus embodiment of the kiosk 100 is totally self-containedand supporting.

The main module 102 may be configured to return back to a home ordefault position after the end of each biometric enrollment session.Thus, when the enrollee ends the biometric enrollment session byperforming all the steps or if the predetermined amount of time for datacollection after the smartcard has been removed is over, the main module102 adjusts to a position that has been configured as the home position.The home position is configured individually for each customer. As such,the home position may be determined and preset based on average heightdata in the region where the biometric enrollment kiosk 100 is located.The home position may be adjusted by making changes to the software on aremote server.

Accessibility to public services for the disabled is the law and issubject to government regulations. In the United Kingdom, it is governedby the Equality Act 2010 and in the United States by ADA 1991/2010. Thehighlights of the accessibility design are: height adjustment of thekiosk to accommodate people in wheelchairs; space under tray provided toallow for wheel chair maneuvering and positioning; all devices arewithin the reach requirements for accessibility; headphone jack withvolume adjustment is provided for hearing and visibly impaired; screendesigns are in accordance with accessibility best practices; andprovision is made to support other languages for the display and theaudio.

Internal Sensors

The kiosk 100 is equipped with a number of internal sensors, whichinclude, but are not limited to, intrusion detectors, temperaturedetectors, a humidity sensor, and an accelerometer/vibration sensor. Inbrief, the purpose of the various sensors is twofold: first, to preventany unauthorized access to the kiosk internals, which could conceivablyresult in compromised data and integrity of the system and second, tomonitor the environmental and physical health of the system.

Various access panels of the kiosk 100 are equipped with intrusiondetectors. As soon as any one of these panels is removed in order togain access to the internal components, a signal is generated that ismonitored by the computer. Appropriate action is taken to safeguard thekiosk, integrity which may include recording time, date and location ofthe specific detector, sounding remote alarms, etc.

The kiosk 100 may include 4 temperature detectors, one located in eachmain part of the kiosk 100. The main module 102, the right section 104,the left section 106, and the lift unit 108 all have a temperaturesensor. These temperature sensors are monitored by the processor, whichis configured to take appropriate action, such as shutting down certainelectronics, raising external alarms, etc.

A humidity sensor is located in the lift unit 108. If humidity risesabove a certain predetermined level (typically, 85-90% relativehumidity), an alarm is generated causing the processor to shut down thesystem.

The accelerometer/vibration sensor is incorporated in the main module102. This sensor is configured to detect any brute force applied to thekiosk 100 in order to gain access to it or to vandalize the equipment.The processor monitors the output of this sensor and is configured tosound an external alarm, if necessary.

Maintenance

This kiosk 100 is designed for heavy use in public spaces and as such ithas to be durable and reliable. One of the main problems encountered byany enrollment systems in public places is component theft anddestruction. To achieve durability, front wear surfaces are aluminumwith powder coat paint and hardened/impact plastics; the lights 125 and128 are long life LED lights so there are no light bulbs to worry about;the scene camera 123, the face camera 124, and the dual iris camera 126are placed behind protective glass; the keyboard 146 is industrialgrade; the dual-side document scanner 144 is industrial grade straightthrough paper pass with easy document extraction if a paper jam occurs;the monitor 118 and the card readers 120 and 140 are kiosk grade; andthe right and left fingerprint sensors 134 and 136 are best commercialgrade and proven reliable in public space use. These components can alsobe used within Government (United States and other) programs thatrequire certification and approval such as Homeland SecurityPresidential Directive 12 (HSPD-12), Personal Identity Verification(PIV), PIV-I, First Responder Authentication Credential (FRAC) andUnited States Department of Defense Common Access Card (DOD CAC).

The only routine maintenance is that the fingerprint platen of the rightand left fingerprint sensors 134 and 136 should be wiped clean daily, ormore frequently in busy locations.

Even with highly reliable components, some maintenance will inevitablybe required. The kiosk 100 is designed so that all maintenance can bedone from the front. Referring now to FIG. 1C, locked access doorslocked with locks 160 and 162 open to expose all internal components formaintenance and replacement. The kiosk 100 is equipped with additionalsecurity features, wherein each operator must have an appropriatesmartcard in order to access the internal components of the kiosk 100.If only the key is inserted into the lock 160 and/or 162, and nosmartcard with appropriate access level is inserted into the smartcardreader 120, an alarm will sound. Any operator must have an appropriateaccess level that is provided on the smartcard. Anyone performingmaintenance on the kiosk 100 must have maintenance level accesspermission. A supervisor might have a smartcard reader with access levelthat allows the supervisor to skip certain enrollment steps or overwritecertain requirements, if necessary.

Initial installation and unit replacement is designed to be quick andeasily done by one or two service technicians. The kiosk 100 isgenerally shipped as three components, the lift unit 108, the mainmodule 102, and the right section 104 and/or left section 106.Installation steps include: fixing the lift unit 108 to floor orfreestanding base; bolt main module 102 to the lift unit 108 (mayinclude 4 bolts); bolt the right section 104 and/or the left section 104to the right end 110 or the left end 112 of the main module 102 (eachconnection may include 4 bolts); connect cable connectors for the mainmodule 102 and the right section 104 and left section 106; connect powerand network cable to kiosk base; confirm auto power up and operation ofthe kiosk 100.

Security and Privacy of the Kiosk

There are several distinct layers of security provided for the kiosk100. These include: the kiosk 100 is located in a secure and trustedfacility and in sight of an on-site or remote attendant; the transactionis supervised either locally or remotely so it would be very difficultfor collusion or substitution; the scene camera 123 has a wide anglelens so that it can record the full field of view, as shown, in FIG. 1E,from the applicant's face to the main module 102 and its data collectionelements (including the keyboard 146, the right and left fingerprintsensors 134 and 136 and the backlit signature capture device 148), tothe right section 104 and its elements (smartcard reader 120,credit-card sized document scanner 134, and single-sided documentscanner 142) and to the left section 106 and its elements (two-sideddocument scanner 144) so that there is an audit trail for eachenrollment. For dependent or assisted enrollment, a second person mayparticipate and assist with the enrollment, but this process can bemonitored remotely so that the remote operator can both assist andassure that the transaction is completed properly. The acquired imagequality is checked and where possible the enrollee's identity isconfirmed biometrically against existing face and iris images and/orfingerprints; the captured biographical, biometric and breeder documentinformation is retained in encrypted form on the kiosk 100 only as longas it is needed to transmit the encrypted information and receiveconfirmation of receipt (in fact, each biometric or biographicalcomponent is individually encrypted and then the overall transactionfile is encrypted before transmission; no personal information isretained on the kiosk after the end of the transaction).

The transaction may be conducted in privacy with full wall plus partlength curtain. Transaction data may be visible during the transaction,but is not retained on remote operator station; access to transactiondata on servers is controlled to authorized personnel only. Physicaltampering with the kiosk 100, such as shaking the kiosk 100 orunauthorized attempt to move or access the kiosk 100, activates anaccelerometer which ensures that the tampering is recorded by the scenecamera 123 and brings on the remote operator to investigate; and a localaudible alarm could be initiated if required.

Certain enrollees, such as, for example, foreign residents or governmentcontractors, may use the kiosk 100 once, or infrequently, so theoperation of the kiosk 100 must be simple, intuitive and, to the extentpossible, language independent. The kiosk 100 incorporates the writtenon-screen instructions supported by animation or video. The writtenon-screen instructions may be written in a number of differentlanguages, including English, French, German, Spanish, Russian, Arabic,Chinese, and others. The kiosk 100 includes guiding light indicators 128that light up indicating the next device with which the enrollee issupposed to interact. Remote operator assistance may also be providedvia the speakers of the kiosk 100. The kiosk 100 is designed for easyergonomic use independent of body shape or size; user feedback advisesthe user to make adjustments or retake a photo or biometric capture; andfull visibility of the scene and the capture results by the remoteoperator.

Minimizing the transaction time is very important. To make the processmore convenient for the enrollee and the customer, minimum wait time forthose waiting to use the device and maximum throughput of each kiosk atpeak periods need to be achieved.

In customer trials in Virginia, it was found that a typical enrollmentfor an application with people that had never seen the kiosk before wasbetween two and three minutes. For these trials, the kiosk 100 was usedto read and capture an enrollee's driver's license, capture a passport,capture a facial image, capture both left and right irises, capture twofingerprints and a signature, and write an encrypted XML output to acentral data repository. The present invention provides superiorperformance over the conventional art by efficiently capturing data ateach step (for example, instead of positioning a camera manually toproperly capture an enrollees face, take one photo and then check to seeif it is ok and then take another, the present system allows a widefacial image capture zone, takes many frames, extracts the faces, checksthe quality and then selects the best compliant image); and by providingclear and simple transitions between capture steps. The process is aidedby graphics and illumination light bar cues.

Transaction Audit Trail

Each enrollment transaction incorporates an audit trail of the capturedenrollment information plus related transaction information. Forexample, enrollment information includes one or more of the following:the face image is cropped and quality checked; iris image of the rightand left eye; fingerprints; signature; and copies of scanned documents.Related transaction information includes, for example, one or more ofthe following: scene camera video of the transaction period; audiorecord of the transaction; date and time information for each subtransaction and overall transaction time; results of any biometricidentity verification matches and quality scores; and any anomalies inthe process (e.g., two faces in the enrollment image could suggest anassisted enrollment or an issue).

The data dictionary used in conjunction with the present invention mayhave, for example, more than 150 data items, so there is sufficientinformation to do significant analysis. Simple examples might be: if thefingerprint image quality is consistently lower at one location, then isthis an indication that the platen is not being cleaned as regularly asneeded; and if the transaction times are consistently higher in onelocation, then is that an indication that renewed on-site or remoteoperator training may be required.

According to one aspect, biometric capture devices as well as thescanners are controlled by an individual web service. Thus, the webservice may act as a processor and may be embedded in the main module102. The web service allows the devices to be controlled remotely, ifnecessary for remote assistance or remote maintenance purposes. The useof a web service also allows a particular capture device to be replacedby another unit which may be a different model, and to use exactly thesame web service interface. In turn, this means that updating to newdevices or changing to different devices is simple and seamless for thekiosk software. Thus, all that is required to replace one capture devicewith another is to disable the old device and to connect the new one tothe web service. Additionally, the web services for all devices followthe National Institute of Standards Specification for WebService-Biometric Devices. This allows interoperability for changing toany different devices which follow the same standard. This allows aclient who purchases a kiosk 100 to keep up with the newest technologyin the biometric capture field as it is developed without having toreplace the kiosk 100.

The kiosk 100 can be used as an enrollment or capture device through itsown web service interface. The kiosk 100 exposes a single web serviceinterface for the kiosk as a single entity. This can be used by anyapplication to control, configure, and operate the kiosk 100, eitherlocally or remotely. This web service can also be integrated into thirdparty applications which may want to use the kiosk 100 as a capturedevice. Clients can make requests directly to the kiosk 100, and the webservice running within the kiosk 100 translates the webservice—biometric device requests to and from biometric sensor commands,including the fingerprint sensors 134 and 136, the scanners 140, 142,and 144, and the cameras 123, 124, 126, as well as the signature capturedevice 148. Thus, the web service performs the functions usuallyperformed by the processor.

The processor is configured to retain data about any biometricenrollment session that has been halted or paused due to smartcardremoval for a predetermined period of time, which may be determined by acustomer. Certain customers may desire that the processor retains thedata for longer periods of time, while others may desire that theprocessor retains data for only short time periods. These settings mayalso be changed remotely post-production.

Performance Reporting

Performance reporting is done centrally based on transaction andequipment availability information from each kiosk 100. A generalizedreporting tool is provided to allow user defined and ad hoc reports.Typical reports include: transaction reporting for gross transactions ina period, transactions by locations in a period, transactions by time ofday by location in a period; steps that had to be redone overall and bylocation; transaction step times to assess if there are anomalies in theprocess or the equipment in a location; successful transactions versusabandoned transactions, step at which transaction was abandoned; andequipment unavailable reporting.

As noted above, the rich selection of transaction data allows effectiveanalysis of the information. Generally, the transaction data with theencrypted components still protected is moved to an appropriate databaseto allow more in depth analysis and reporting.

According to another aspect of the present invention, the kiosk 100 mayutilize software that runs on the Microsoft.net framework. The processorof the kiosk 100 is directed toward the collection of personal identityinformation (PII). The processor of the kiosk 100 is adapted to digitizeand protect PII.

Professional Services

The present inventors provide professional services to deliver completesolutions that incorporate the above identified technology. Theseinclude business analysis, architecture, design, integration, testing,on-site consulting, training and testing, support and maintenanceservices. The present inventors support an in-house biometrics labequipped with test tools and databases that enable timely testing of newbiometric technology and performance validation of new releases ofbiometric engines.

The issue, however, is to have this information readily available to theadministrator or data analyst, yet ensure that the protected PersonalIdentity Information (PII) data stays encrypted. Technically, theencryption is at the object level and thus provides enforced role basedaccess at a fine granularity. The screen shot represented in FIG. 1Fshows one view of such data.

The screen shot in FIG. 1F shows the application source in field 170(the source kiosk, “VHBES-P01” in this example), the date and timereceived from the source in field 172 (“10/26/2010 12:03:26 AM” to“11/30/2010 5:04:59 PM” in this example), the application type in field174 (for which agency was the information captured, “INT-PIV” in thisexample), an encrypted representation of the application data in field176 (for example, “HpCp9TVb51ioTW5HvJmr . . . ” in this example), thedate and time submitted in field 178 (data can be transmitted to theagency immediately or aggregated and submitted periodically, say daily,again “10/26/2010 12:03:26 AM” to “11/30/2010 5:04:59 PM” in thisexample) and the submission result in field 180 (confirmation ofreceipt, “<xml version=‘1.0’? . . . ” and “The remote server re . . . ”in this example).

The processor is adapted to build an enrollment record with a suitablenumber of fields, for example, 150 fields used for PII, Maintenance,standards compliance, enrollment authenticity assurance and security.The processor is configured to encrypt information based on assignedroles. For example, the kiosk 100 of the present invention may be giventhe role of encrypter. That is, the processor of the kiosk 100 maycollect and encrypt information into a master record.

Any personal data collected during the enrollment session may beencrypted via Constructive Key Management (CKM) encryption, ExtensibleMarkup Language (XML) encryption, or any other suitable encryptionmethod. U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,974,410, 7,738,660, 7,212,632, 7,079,653, and5,375,168, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by referenceherein in their entireties, discuss systems and methods for CKMencryption of sensitive information such that only users with propercredentials are able to access any encrypted information. According toone aspect of the present invention, the processor is configured togenerate an XML style sheet. U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,077,870, 7,817,800,7,095,852, and 6,694,433, the disclosures of which are herebyincorporated by reference herein in their entireties, discuss systemsand method for XML encryption.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, the processormay be configured to send the collected personal data to a centralprocessing cloud. The kiosk may be adapted to utilize a web listener,where a user sends a request, and a chain of trust is establishedbetween each kiosk, central repository facility and central processor. Aweb server may be given the role of decrypter. The decrypter may directstorage of data based on rules and may utilize prefiltering to avoidduplications or fraud.

The kiosk according to the present invention prevents excess costs tothe enroller sponsoring entity by processing data in a manner thatprevents duplication. The present invention allows the owner of thekiosk to protect certain fields of data as demanded (differential rolebased access control to data content).

Biometrics is about standards. The kiosk 100 is designed to meet theprevailing and applicable biometric, health and safety standards.Examples are: fingerprint standards including FBI PIV-071006, FederalInformation Processing Standards (FIPS) 201 and ANSI INCITS-378; faceimage standards including ANSI INCITS-385 and ICAO ISO/IEC 19794-5; irisstandards including ISO/IEC 19794/19785; document scanner/readerstandards including International Air Transport Association (IATA):transitional automated ticket (TAT) and Automated Ticket and BoardingPass (ATB), ICAO 9303 and ISO 14443B; kiosk standards including ADA1991/2010, Equality Act 2010, Canadian Standards Association (CSA), UL,Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Conformité Européenne (CE);and data security standards including ANSI X9.69 and ANSI X9.73.

Biometric Enrollment Stations

The present inventors have developed biometric capture stations that aredesigned to fit the specific requirements of customers that areimplementing identity biometric solutions. The form factor differs fromapplication to application to meet the needs for: unattended or attendedoperation; free standing or mounted on desks or counters; fixed ortransportable; mix of biometrics captured (face, fingerprint, iris,signature, and others); mix of peripherals for application (e.g. cardreaders, passport readers, receipt printers etc.); and accessibilityrequirements.

Accessible Biometric Enrollment Kiosk—Self Service

Referring now to FIG. 2A, the self-service enrollment kiosk 200 isdesigned to meet the accessibility requirements for governmentregulations compliance including, for example, the handicapped inwheelchairs to very tall applicants. To capture consistently good fullfrontal face images that are suitable for face recognition with therange of heights from a person in a wheelchair 101 to a very tallperson, it is necessary to have the kiosk 200 on a lift pole 220. Thekiosk 299 design adjusts the height of the camera 210, the touchscreenmonitor 260, the lights 270, peripherals such as a document reader, afingerprint capture device 250 and/or an electronic signature capturedevice 290 so that they are both accessible for the full range ofheights and positioned for optimal enrollee capture.

The enrollment kiosk 200 shown, for example, in FIG. 2A provides therange of motion required. For each person 101 the camera 210 is alignedautomatically with the eyes 212 of the person 101 using the kiosk 200(alignment shown with a horizontal dashed two-headed arrow 222). Thiskiosk 200 has been designed to provide straight on capture for users 101that are as short as 36 inches (0.91 m) and as tall as 6 feet 8 inches(2.03 m). The biometric capture unit 230 including tray 240 of kiosk 200are adapted to move in a generally vertical direction 232 along liftpole 220. The dimensions of the lift pole 220 may be 3 inches×8 inches×6feet 6 inches (0.076 m×0.2 m×1.98). The kiosk 200 may also include asupport base plate suitable for fixing to floor (not shown) or wallbracket for wall mount (not shown). The biometric capture unit 230 mayhave the dimensions of about 20 inches (0.51 m) wide×26 inches (0.66 m)high×16 inches (0.41 m) deep (including tray 240). The kiosk 200 asshown includes two fingerprint capture devices 250 on either side of thetouchscreen 260, camera 210, lights 270, speakers 280 and a signaturepad 290 on the tray 240. On the bottom right of the lift pole 220, thereis a power plug (110 v or 220 v) and one RJ45 jack that provides anetwork connection (not shown). Thus, the kiosk 200 only includes twoexternal cords—a network connection cord and a power plug, which makesit very easy to transport the kiosk 200.

The front tray 240 may be modified according to specific customerrequirements. The tray 240 shown in FIG. 2A includes two fingerprintcapture devices 250 and an electronic signature capture 290. The twofingerprint sensors 250 are separated from each other by a distance ofbetween about 12-14 inches (0.3-0.36 m) which ensures that the enrollee101 enrolls the right fingerprints using the right fingerprint sensorand the left fingerprints using the left fingerprint sensors. Thefingerprint sensors 250 are configures such that the enrollee capturesboth left and right fingers at the same time to provide an increasedmeasure of accuracy. This eliminates the problem of “hand-crossing” byan enrollee to fool the system and an operator by providing a leftfinger for the expected right finger and a right finger for the expectedleft finger. The fingerprint sensors 250 may also be angled in differentdirections such that it is very difficult for enrollee 101 to cross hisor her hands. The fingerprint sensors 250 may both be angled away fromthe lift pole 220, i.e., in different directions, with the fingerprintsensor located on the right side being angled towards the positivex-axis and the fingerprint sensor located on the left side being angledtowards the negative x-axis.

Another configuration is shown in FIG. 3 with a 4-4-2 fingerprintcapture device 342, a full page document reader 344 and a receiptprinter 346. The kiosk 300 shown in FIG. 3 has a very small foot printthat provides great flexibility in locating it either against a wall oras a free standing unit.

FIG. 2B shows a front view of a kiosk 200′ that is configured to standon a desk or other pedestal. The kiosk 200′ includes a camera 210′,lights 270′, speakers 280′, two fingerprint capture devices 250′ oneither side of the touchscreen 260′, a signature pad 290′, and a tray295′ which may be made of aluminum or other suitable material. The kiosk200′ is a standalone unit that may be mounted on any elevated surface.

The high resolution biometric camera (e.g. 210, 210′, 310) is 3.1megapixels to ensure a wide field of view for easy and flexible captureand higher than 120 pixels between the eyes resolution. The applicant orenrollee 101 stands approximately 75 cm from the kiosk camera, but mayalso stand from about 50 cm to about 120 cm away from the kiosk.Alternate cameras from 1.2 to 9 megapixels are available options.

Image quality checking ensures face recognition compliant images everytime. This provides high accuracy face and eye finding and the abilityto measure pose angle (with a threshold of ±5 degrees) and a check ofthe illumination on the face and a check for background consistency andbackground shadows. Vision processing software provides the imagecentering, scaling, cropping and checking of image quality and thecompression for storage. Illumination checking includes hot spots, glareand shadows on the face. Sub-second feedback to the user gets theapplicant to position himself or herself properly and to remove headgearor glasses that make the face image unsuitable. Since the camera istaking many images during this process, the software can automaticallyselect the best compliant image for processing and storage.

Lighting (e.g. 270, 270′, 370) adjusts the lighting intensity on theface to ensure well lit, face images without over saturation forchanging ambient lighting conditions and skin tones. The color touchsensitive monitor (e.g. 260, 260′, 360) provides clear user interaction.Cast Aluminum front panel and tray (e.g. 295, 295′, 395) provide anattractive appearance and rugged performance for heavy use. Speakers(e.g. 280, 280′, 380) are included on each side of the monitor toprovide audible and voice cues to the user that are part of theaccessibility design.

The kiosk front panel has hinges (e.g. 235, 335) on the side and opensfor easy service from the front. This means that the kiosk can belocated against a wall or column and still be accessible for service.When the front is opened, kiosk components are surface mounted for easytrouble shooting and fast replacement. Dual locks protect the kiosk fromtampering.

The rigid, small footprint kiosk lift (e.g. 220, 320) is easilyinstalled and serviced. The lift moves swiftly and quietly to thedesired height to minimize transaction time. The lift includes safetyfeatures to ensure that the lift stops and lifts when it comes incontact with an object when travelling down (similar to the operation ofan elevator door when closing). The kiosk is self-contained so the onlyexternal cabling requirements are power (110 vac, 60 Hz or 220 v 50 Hz)and a network cable, which makes it easy to install and transport.

The kiosk is designed to accommodate changing requirements. The kioskmay be provided with any suitable combination of components in anysuitable size or form factor. The top surface of the tray may be made ofsteel, plastics, or any other suitable material so that it can bereadily changed as required.

The user interface is usually customized to the specific application.All installations incorporate graphical and pictorial presentations. Ifnecessary, these can also incorporate a wide range of languages for boththe graphics and the audible portion.

As an option, the 4-4-2 fingerprint reader is secured in the kiosk andis presented to the user at a suitable height for easy access (see, e.g.FIGS. 2, 3). This is particularly important as it is very difficult toput sufficient pressure on the reader if the reader is too high for theuser's reach. Proper positioning increases quality of capture and speedof capture.

Referring now to FIG. 3, as an option, the receipt printer 346 is athermal printer that produces a 2″ paper receipt. It includes out ofpaper and low paper detection, receipt not taken detection and aguillotine that may partially cut the receipt (this means that it willnot fall on the floor, but will detach easily). Paper roll is 3 inchesfor longer periods between roll replacements. Paper replacement isthrough a separate keyed access door under the tray. The printer dropsdown and the paper is replaced from the side and then the printer issnapped back into position. The printer supports barcode printing andspecifically Universal Product Code A (UPC-A), Universal Product Code E(UPC-E), European Article Number 13 (EAN13), Code 39, Interleaved 2 of 5(ITF) and Codabar.

As an option, an iris camera can be installed above the face camera 210,210′, or 310 of FIG. 2, 2′, or 3, respectively, and integrated into thekiosk 200, 200′, or 300 respectively. The lift unit 320 allows the iriscapture to be optimal for all users.

As an option, a barcode reader can be added either on the front surfaceof the tray or the side of the kiosk 200, 200′ or 300. Othertechnologies can be integrated to meet the specific applicationrequirements. The kiosks shown in FIGS. 200, 200′, and 300 arecustomizable to specific customer requirements. Additional datacollection sensors may be integrated into the kiosks, including a scenecamera, document scanners, and identification card and/or smartcardreaders.

Biometric Enrollment Kiosk—Attended

The biometric enrollment kiosk 400 for attended face image capture isshown in FIG. 4. The right side of FIG. 4 shows an example of theworkstation for the Officer with both keyboard 402 and touchscreen inputand face recognition adjudication 404. The left side of FIG. 4 shows anexample of the camera 410, light 470 and display 460 assembly mounted ona lift 420 to provide full frontal face image capture for standing adultsubjects.

The device may also be configured as an unattended enrollment kiosk, inwhich additional capture devices can be added to the camera 410 andlight 470 on the lift 420, as required. The kiosk 400 is built on commoncomponents that are described in more detail below. As pictured, thecamera 410 provides very high resolution and excellent quality imageswell above the minimum requirements of the standards.

Desktop/Countertop Biometric Enrollment Station

The Transportable Enrollment Station (TES) 500 shown, for example, inFIGS. 5A-5B is designed for easy in-field deployment on a table orcounter 502. The lights 570 fold into an upright position as shown inFIG. 5B and the unit 500 packs into a hard shell case for easy and safetransport. The unit 500 as shown in FIGS. 5A-5B includes a built in4-4-2 fingerprint capture device 550 and a tethered electronic signaturecapture unit 590. This is available with face image capture with smartillumination, face and one or two fingerprint capture and face plus4-4-2 fingerprint capture. Some deployments incorporate a bar codereader on the camera support 515 to facilitate specific workflows. Someunits incorporate an enclosure for the camera 510 to eliminate theopportunity for accidental adjustment of lens settings. The camera 510can be easily adjusted in height to allow for different mounting heightsof the TES. This unit is also constructed for a single man lift andsetup, eliminating the need for multi-person transport, setup andoperation.

FIGS. 5C and 5D illustrate variations of the TES shown in FIGS. 5A and5B. As shown in FIG. 5C, a TES 500′ includes a variable intensity light570′, a face camera 510′, and a fingerprint sensor 550′. As shown inFIG. 5D, a TES 500′ includes all the elements shown in FIG. 5C and,additionally, an iris reader 526′, a signature capture device 590′, anda barcode reader 592′. All of the electronics to support the powerdistribution, the USB hub functionality and the inter module cabling isvia internal printed circuit boards. The methods for face, fingerprint,iris and signature are similar to those used for the kiosk 100 to ensurehigh quality, standards compliant biometric capture in a simple,modular, fully enclosed configuration.

Face Enrollment Station

The unit 600 illustrated, for example, in FIG. 6A, has a camera 610 andlights 670 on a lift 620 and is very effective for driver's license faceimage capture. The camera 610 is adjusted automatically or manually toalign with the level of the eyes of the applicant. The lights 670 turnon and adjust to optimal intensity for the skin tone and ambientlighting conditions. Multiple face images are captured and quality ofthe captured images is checked, and one or more compliant images arepresented to the operator for selection and further use.

In some applications, a unit 600′ is provided where a monitor 660′ isincorporated into the camera 610′ and light unit 670′ as shown in FIG.6B. This LCD display 660′ provides instructions to the enrollee andprovides video feedback to the applicant that keeps his or her gazedirectly in line with the camera 610′. The display 660′ may be an LCDdisplay or any other suitable display.

Each unit 600 and 600′ has an axial adjustment range of about 26 inches(0.66 m) to accommodate the range of heights normally encountered andthere is an option for up to about 52″ (1.32 m) of axial adjustmentrange. Connections are power plus either a Universal Serial Bus (USB)2.0 or network internet protocol (IP) at base of unit.

Biometric Verification Stations

Identity verification stations can take many forms and tend to bepackaged for the specific type of application. Although the form factorsare different, these units are built on the same Common Components thatare described below.

Identity verification can be done with or without supplementary light.Supplementary light can be visible light or infrared (IR) light. Thepresent inventors design, manufacture and deliver solutions for eachoption.

Identity Verification—No Supplementary Light

With ambient light, a camera must be capable of adjustments toaccommodate changes in ambient lighting with varying time of day andweather conditions. FIG. 7 shows deployment of a biometric camera 710 atan immigration counter. In this case, a camera 710 is mounted behind theimmigration officers at each of the entrances and exit ports for thecountry. A monitor 704 mounted to the left of the camera 710 displaysthe traveler's face and an LED based visualizer that provides visualcues and attracts the attention of the person 700 to look in thedirection of the camera 710.

Identity Verification—Supplementary IR or Visible Light

The immigration counter may be surrounded by glass walls 799. Asupplementary IR or visible light and camera 710 are attached to the topof the glass 799 and swivels to point to the path of the approachingtraveler 700. An LED display 704 located below the camera 710 providesvisual directions to the traveler 700 to proceed and/or to stop. The IRor visible light above the camera 710 provides supplementary lightingthat is incident to the face.

This approach takes advantage of the ambient light and uses IR tominimize the shadows on the face of the traveler 700 thus yielding animage that is realistic to do visual recognition and is excellent forface recognition.

Identity Verification—IR Only

For some applications IR lighting and IR images are the best solution.In the example shown in FIG. 8, inconspicuous image capture is achievedwhere space is very limited. A Camera 810 and lights 870 are shown ontop of a kiosk 800. As shown, for example, in FIG. 8, the unit isinstalled in the kiosk 800 with a black or red IR filter 815incorporated into a 2 inches (0.051) high×18 inches (0.46 m) wide platewith speakers 880 on the right and left hand sides of the camera 810 andlight unit 870. As assembled, the camera 810 and lights 870 may beprovided behind the black IR filter 815.

Identity Verification—Access Control

Often face recognition is used in conjunction with other identificationdevices. For IR access control, one or more of the components shown inFIG. 8 and described above including, for example, the IR, Lights andCamera (e.g. 810, 815, 870) described above are incorporated into thetop of the unit 900 shown in FIG. 9 as IR 910, lights 915, and camera970, and a proximity card reader 916 is located below in the samehousing 999. There is a built in red/green indicator 988 at the top ofthe unit that signals to the person that is passing that he or she canpass through the access point 902. The unit 900 can be wall mounted oran extended unit can be mounted on a turnstile or eGate 917 asillustrated, for example, in FIG. 9.

In both cases, the person passes his or her identification (ID) cardpast the proximity reader 916 and looks at the bar 988 at top. Bylooking at the bar 988, the person is looking directly into a camera andthe IR lighting 970 is providing full light incident on the face. Thebar 988 turns from red to green as soon as the person's identity isverified (typically 1 to 2 seconds) and the person can proceed to enterthe facility.

Multi-Biometric Access Control (Fixed Numbers)

Access control often includes one or more biometrics. The presentinvention includes access control products (FIG. 10) that include one ormore of a card reader (for example, 1010), a PIN entry device (forexample, 1020), a fingerprint reader (for example, 1030), a face reader(for example, 1040) and an iris reader (for example, 1050).

Common Components

Each of the above configurations is designed to meet requirements forbiometric capture, image processing and quality checking for enrollmentand verification through biometrics.

Each is designed to meet accessibility requirements. The enrollmentkiosks described above and shown, for example, in FIGS. 1, 2A, and 3 arefor a standing subject and hence, move the capture portion of the kioskup and down to accommodate the height of the applicant and people inwheelchairs. The Transportable Enrollment Unit shown, for example, inFIGS. 2B, 5A, 5B, is designed primarily for subjects that are sitting.The high resolution camera (e.g, 510 of FIG. 5A) has a field of viewthat allows it to capture the face image for people in wheelchairs or awide range of heights. The TES units 500′ in FIGS. 5C and 5D can beequipped with one camera for seated enrollment or two cameras for thewider field of view required for standing biometric enrollment.

Similarly the verification and surveillance units (FIGS. 6-9) aredesigned with either lifts or a field of view that accommodates therange of heights of the subjects.

Each configuration utilizes the same core technology and is built aroundthe same face image, capture devices and software. Most units aredesigned with the ability to readily customize a portion to incorporatea variety of capture devices, card or document readers and receiptprinters. The functions are similar and the principle difference is thesize, packaging and the lift mechanism. Representative configurationsmight include: camera; lighting; fingerprint capture (one forverification, two or 10 for enrollment); signature capture; computer;monitor, usually touchscreen; speakers; bar code reader; card anddocument readers; and receipt printers.

All configurations may include software for: camera; lighting; imageprocessing to ICAO, International Organization for Standardization (ISO)and InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards(INCITS) requirements and image quality assurance; fingerprint captureand quality check; signature capture; face finding; and lift control.

Biometric Camera

The present inventors deploy high resolution industrial video camerasfor face recognition applications and do not use consumer grade singleshot cameras for a number of reasons including: consumer cameras haveproduction life of 6 months or less so are obsolete often before theyare deployed and software has to be changed to accommodate nextgeneration model; consumer cameras are not designed for the duty cyclethat one has in a commercial environment; consumer cameras are singleshot cameras so you have to initiate capture again if the pose orgesture is not acceptable; and consumer cameras operate with a flashthat creates strong shadows on the backdrop (e.g. 2350) making the imagenon-compliant to ICAO and ISO/International Electrotechnical Commission(IEC) requirements and making automated background removal moredifficult. The flash often creates reflection and hot spots and givesdiffering brightness depending on the skin tone.

The biometric camera (e.g., 210) used in the configurations describedabove is designed to capture: high resolution color images (1.2, 3.1, 5,6.6 or higher MP); a lens that captures faces for a range of people fromshort to tall; with electronics and housing suitable for continual highduty cycle use; and high speed data communications from the camera tothe associated computer. The biometric camera is provided with a lens tomeet the specific application requirements and this is usually an 8, 12or 25 mm C mount lens.

Biometric Camera Software

The biometric camera is provided with a camera software development kitthat provides the following features: camera control to adjust exposure,gain and gamma based on the lighting on the face of the person that thecamera sees, which provides automatic compensation for changes toambient lighting; face capture application programming interface (API)that captures many images and presents the best N images in real time;and face recognition suitable images for matching or other processing.

Software

Software is provided as a run-time license for each kiosk (e.g., 100,200, 200′ 300, 400). A software development kit (SDK) is provided, whichenables the development of applications that need any of the following:face finding, face tracking, feature detection, face image qualityanalysis, normalization to ICAO image standards, and assess suitabilityfor face recognition and/or printed photo.

The software evaluates, for example, fifteen image quality attributes incompliance with ICAO standard; normalizes face images to ICAO Type 2(Full Frontal) and ICAO Type 3 (Token) image format standards or toother customer defined standards; provides powerful image manipulationfunctions to correct submitted images or live capture images to makethem compliant; replaces or removes background as required for laserengraving and some printing applications; finds faces and identifiesMoving Picture Experts Group 4 (MPEG-4) landmarks (e.g. eyes, nose,chin) for each face. Includes image display component which allowsviewing of input and processed images (it also can display the faciallandmarks); and supports ActiveX control API.

An example of a screen shot from vision processing software is shown inFIG. 11. The software presents a screen image 1100 which includes a LiveImage area 1110 for displaying the live image of the subject; acomparison area 1120 which compares three images of the subject toverify that the eyes of the subject have been captured (in this example,the first and second image are acceptable as denoted with a check markand the third image is not acceptable as denoted with an X). The screenimage 1100 includes an Acquired Image area 1130, where landmarks areestablished for the face (in this example, landmarks are displayed forthe eyes 1132, nose 1134, ears 1136 and chin 1138) and a NormalizedImage area 1140, where landmarks are established for the face (in thisexample, landmarks are displayed for the eyes 1132, nose 1134, ears 1136and chin 1138). The screen image includes an Image Source area 1150,which may display radio buttons for Acquire Live Image 1152 (selected inthis example) or Load File Image 1154 (not selected in this example); aseries of input and status fields 1160, which may include, for example,an Acquire indicator 1162, an Image Quality Analysis indicator 1164 (notactive in this example), a Normalization indicator 1166, a Clearindicator 1168, a Base Saved Image field 1163 (including the sample text“name” in this example), an Auto Quality Analysis radio box 1165(selected in this example) and an Auto Normalization radio box 1167 (notselected in this example). The screen image 1100 includes a Status field1170, which may include status updates such as “Starting Image QualityAnalysis,” “DONE Image Quality Analysis,” “Starting ImageNormalization,” “DONE Image Normalization” and the like; an ImageQuality area 1180 for the Acquired Image 1130, which may include, forexample, indicators (either a check mark or X) to indicate whether eachof a plurality of image quality attributes 1181-1195 is acceptable.

The attributes may include eye detection confidence 1181, eye distance(pixels) 1182, head tilt (degrees) 1183, head rotation (degrees) 1184,face brightness (%) 1185, face sharpness (%) 1186, face contrast (%)1187, face size (%) 1188, face centering (%) 1189, face color balance1190, eye shadow (% free of) 1191, face shadow (% free of) 1192,background brightness (%) 1193, background shadow (% free of) 1194 andbackground consistency (%) 1195. The screen image 1100 also includes adetermination of whether Face Recognition Quality 1196 and Printed PhotoQuality 1197 is acceptable, where Face Recognition Quality 1196 andPrinted Photo Quality 1197 are calculated based on the attributes1181-1195; and an Image Quality area 1198 for the Normalized Image 1140that is similar to the Image Quality area 1180.

In this example, the Acquired Image 1130 passes for eye detectionconfidence 1181, head tilt (degrees) 1183, head rotation (degrees) 1184,face brightness (%) 1185, face sharpness (%) 1186, face contrast (%)1187, face size (%) 1188, face centering (%) 1189, face color balance1190, eye shadow (% free of) 1191, face shadow (% free of) 1192,background shadow (% free of) 1194 and background consistency (%) 1195;the Acquired Image 1130 fails for eye distance (pixels) 1182 andbackground brightness (%) 1193. As a result, it was determined that forthe Acquired Image 1130, Face Recognition Quality 1196 and Printed PhotoQuality 1197 were not acceptable.

In this example, for the Normalized Image 1140, all of the indicatorspassed except background brightness (%) 1193. As a result, it wasdetermined that for the Normalized Image 1140, Face Recognition Quality1196 was acceptable but Printed Photo Quality 1197 was not acceptable.

Light Assembly

The biometric kiosks described above, e.g., 100, 200, 300, 400 allincluded a light assembly that is built into the kiosks. The lightassembly can also be provided in separate enclosures. The light assemblyprovides: light incident to the face to remove shadows caused byoverhead lights; and with intensity that automatically adjusts based onthe shadows on the face that are seen by the biometric camera (e.g., 210of FIG. 2).

The light assembly is designed to: operate in a kiosk (e.g., 100,200300, 400), in a separate enclosure for an individual light, or in anassembly with a biometric camera. The light assembly can operate as asingle light with automatic light intensity adjustment or as a pair oflights (e.g, 125 of FIG. 1, 270 of FIG. 2A, 270′ of FIG. 2B) whichenables automatic side to side intensity balancing based on faceshadows; have long life, white light emitting diodes (LEDs) provide aconsistent color spectrum over the full range of control from 0 to 100%light output and over the life of lights, which is essential to getconsistently good photos for printing (an alternate version thatproduces IR light can be used where a printed image is not required).The light assembly is sized to accommodate subjects that are as close as30 cm to as far as 2 meters; the lights are designed for continuousoperation, though they are usually deployed in a manner that just hasthe high intensity on when images are being captured; connections areprovided for power and for connection to a computer via USB 2.0 port. Adiffuser is specifically designed to focus the light and diffuse theimpact of point sources; and this provides the visual impact of a softbar of light and yet minimizes the light loss through the diffuser.

Ordinary diffusers such as white (milk) glass, frosted glass etc. have anear Lambertian (cosine law) output light distribution. Holographicdiffusers can be made that have different output characteristics. A 70degrees by 70 degrees diffuser may be used, meaning that the lightintensity at 70 degrees from normal is half that measured straight on.Holographic diffusers can also be made asymmetrically as for example20×70 degrees.

Lighting SDK

The lighting SDK is provided with each light and provides the followingcapability: manual lighting intensity adjustment for a specific light;automatic lighting intensity adjustment for all lights based uponanalysis of the largest face in the video frame or still photo image;the video-based auto-adjustment may balance the lighting on either sideof a face through a series of automatic steps that analyze and adjustthe lighting intensities; for video-based auto-adjustment, it isdesigned to work specially with video produced by the biometric cameraSDK; and support for the following lighting configurations: 1 singlelight, or 2 lights on either side of the camera.

This SDK provides the automatic light intensity control that isparticularly important for enrollment applications and for applicationswhere the light intensity varies with external factors such as time ofday, weather or seasons.

Backdrop

The backdrop unit comes in either a free standing or wall mountedversion. The free standing version ships as two bases, two side supports(anodized aluminum or stainless), a top and bottom crossbar, and thebackdrop. The backdrop is typically 18% grey in color but can be of anycolor or shade as is required, vinyl coated polyester fabric that istearing, water and mildew resistant and can withstand long exposure tosun. The backdrop hangs wrinkle free and can be easily wiped clean.Backdrop side posts are about 84 inches (2.13 m) long and the backdropabout is 48 inches (1.22 m) wide by about 52 inches (1.32 m) high. Thewall mounted backdrop is the same size and comes with brackets thatattach to the wall and the same top and bottom crossbars and backdropmaterial.

Face Recognition

The present invention includes security software and identity managersoftware, which provide large scale face recognition solutions. Thesecurity software provides the application for face recognition basedsurveillance. The performance characteristics of this system are tunedto handling a large number of cameras each delivering many differentface images per second captured in a non-cooperative environment andmatching each image against a large watchlist image database.

The identity manager software provides the application for facerecognition based (1-1) identity verification, (1-n) watchlist checkingand (1-all) fraud checking. This is designed specifically fororganizations that are issuing passports, visas, national ID, driver'slicenses and other secure ID.

The core technology behind each application is the same, as follows:visual matching verification software performs the 1-1 matching requiredto verify an applicant's identity and can be deployed at the point ofapplication or as a central service. Visual matching watchlist softwareperforms the 1-n matching required for identifying if the person is onthe watchlist and includes the adjudication of probable matches andmaintains the transaction audit trail. Visual matching enterprisesoftware performs the 1-all matching required for identifying if theperson is already in the database under a different name, which is verysimilar to visual matching verification software watchlist software butscales to deal with tens of millions of images and provides for thebinning, adjudication and investigation, ad hoc searching, reporting andaudit trail functions. Visual matching software is designed to use theleading face recognition engines and provides the opportunity for theplug replacement of algorithms with no impact on the application code.

The system is designed as an n-tier architecture with separation ofcommunications, user interface and application and database. Businessrules can be included in the application, but it is preferred toincorporate them in a separate rules engine. The multi-biometric accesscontrol platform provides the environment and application to incorporateface, fingerprint and iris into an access control system thatincorporates standard interfaces to legacy facility access controlsystems.

Fingerprint Matching

The fingerprint matching solution is part of the multi-biometricplatform and utilizes the same match engine for both verification andidentification. The solution is a standards based solution that isvendor neutral, secure, open and scalable.

The solution complies with the following standards: Finger Image-BasedData Interchange Format standards including INCITS 381-2004, AmericanNational Standard for Information Technology and ISO/IEC 19794-4,International Organization for Standardization; Fingerprint ImageQuality standards including National Institute of Standards andTechnology (NIST) Fingerprint Image Quality (NFIQ)—NIST InteragencyReport 7151 (NISTIR 7151)—NIST Interagency Report, August 2004; FingerMinutiae Format for Data Interchange standards including INCITS378-2004, American National Standard for Information Technology andISO/IEC 19794-2, International Organization for Standardization; DataFormat for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial, & Scar Mark & Tattoo(SMT) Information standards including American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI)/NIST-Information Technology Laboratory (ITL)1-2000—NIST Special Publication 500-245, 2000; Electronic FingerprintTransmission Specification standards including Integrated AutomatedFingerprint Identification System (IAFIS)-DOC-01078-7.1 Criminal JusticeInformation Services (CJIS)-RS-0010 (V7.1)—Criminal Justice InformationServices, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Justice, May 2,2005; Application Programming Interface and Service Provider Interfacefor a standard biometric technology interface standards including ANSIINCITS 358-2002 (BioAPI v1.1); Common Biometric Exchange FormatsFramework (CBEFF) standards including INCITS 398-2005, American NationalStandard for Information Technology and ISO/IEC 19785-1, InternationalOrganization for Standardization; and Biometric Specification forPersonal Identity Verification standards including NIST SpecialPublication 800-76.

The solution is scalable in both the number of users and the number ofenrollees. The software is designed to scale. The hardware architectureallows for easy addition of servers to the matching server cluster toaccommodate growing numbers of enrollees and demand on the matchingengine. The architecture provides for separate servers to support theusers and through clustering these too can be readily expanded toaccommodate the demand. The largest matching engine deployment is in theorder of 80 million enrollees with 4 fingerprints enrolled for each.Grid computing architecture supports the scaling of the solution.

The solution is interoperable with other major biometric techniques andacquisition devices. The fingerprint system can accept almost anyfingerprint capture type including those captured using scannedink-on-paper and multi-finger livescan devices, including: multi-fingerdevices and scanners (including Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)Appendix F & G devices); and plain impression and rolled impressionsingle finger optical, capacitive, radio frequency (RF) and ultrasonicdevices (including FBI Appendix G devices).

The software supports over 100 fingerprint-based devices (stand-alonedevices, keyboards, mice and laptop computers) with fingerprint sensorsfrom over 30 fingerprint sensor manufacturers, including: plainimpression single finger optical, capacitive, radio frequency (RF) andultrasonic devices (including FBI Appendix G devices); and sweep sensortechnology. Moreover, image normalization techniques enable persons toenroll on device A and be matched (or searched) using device B.

The computer hardware is general purpose and configured so that it cantake advantage of advances in processor speed and architecture. Thepresent invention utilizes, for example, 64 bit processors and thesoftware takes advantage of multi-threading so the use of fastermachines with more cores and more memory is straight forward. The gridcomputing architecture for the fingerprint solution makes the use ofdiverse machines of differing performance characteristics practical.

Face Capture and Biometric Enrollment

The present devices, systems and methods are all associated with makingface recognition work better. They fall into two groups: (1) devices,systems and methods to capture face images in challenging environments,including histogram adjustment, monochromatic light, illumination moduleand face tracking; and (2) devices, systems and methods for biometricenrollment to provide optimal biometric images for matching includingbackdrop shadow removal; and devices, systems and methods relating tomulti-biometric kiosk and associated chain of trust.

Face Capture—Histogram Adjustment

Present day face recognition algorithms are typically based on 8-bitdigitized images, i.e. having a maximum of 256 grey levels in monochromeimages. Color images/information is almost never used. This has beenquite sufficient since the vast majority of cameras employed do notproduce images with that many Effective Number of Bits (ENOB). Ordinarysurveillance type video cameras are hard pushed to produce 6.7 ENOB(approx 100 grey levels). However some high end cameras have appeared onthe market that feature charge-coupled device (CCD) technology sensorshaving a nominal 12 or 14 bit output. The present inventors have testedone of such cameras with a nominal 12 bit output and found it to have10.6 ENOB (>1500 grey levels). In well exposed images taken with a12-bit output camera normally the 8 most significant bits are used asthe input to the facial recognition algorithm with excellent results.However in many, especially surveillance type applications, a correctexposure cannot always be achieved due to different ambient lightconditions during the day and/or the subject's pose and orientation withrespect to the light.

When setting up such a camera it is usually done in such a manner thatdoes not cause the sensor (or parts thereof) to be saturated (bloom)under the brightest of anticipated light conditions. This is done sincepractically all useful pixel information is lost once it is saturated.Such an abrupt change in information loss does not occur on the lowerend of the brightness conditions. As the ambient brightness decreasesthe information is gradually lost in the noise.

By analyzing the histogram of the image and applying some heuristicmethods, the present inventors determined which bits in the image carryuseful information and then map these to an 8-bit space image. Ideally,this would be done across those parts of an image that portray facesonly but in very dark images, they may be difficult to find and aniterative process is employed. In such images, the histogramshifting/compression/expansion is first performed on the entire imageand once the face regions are identified the process is repeated usingthe raw data for these regions only.

Histogram equalization and histogram compression/expansion are includedin image processing techniques. The present inventors have advanced thestate of the art by applying these methods to the face recognitionfield. Moreover, the present inventors have found that variousrefinements based on typical face histograms allow one to rejectspurious information (such as a glint of light reflected fromeye-glasses) and judicious removal of outlying data (such as at the veryupper and lower end of the facial histogram). By implementing suchrefinements the effectiveness of the histogram redistribution is greatlyenhanced.

In, for example, FIG. 12, it can be recognized that the two faces in theoriginal image (FIGS. 12A and 12D) are barely detectable and they arecertainly not suited as input to any facial recognition algorithm. Byapplying the techniques of the present invention described above, twoacceptable images are arrived at that are suitable for facialrecognition purposes (FIGS. 12C and 12E). Although in the abovedescription an example of matching the output of a 12-bit camera to an8-bit input of the facial recognition algorithm is discussed, it isclear that the process can be applied to transform any x-bit image toany y-bit image where x and y can be any number.

Mono Chromatic Light Source

The present invention may incorporate use of a monochromatic lightsource to minimize the effects of sunlight while taking facial imagesoutdoors. The performance of facial recognition technology depends verymuch on the quality of the image. Best performance is achieved with wellexposed, evenly-lit frontal illumination that does not cast shadowsacross the face. In a practical sense, such images can only be taken ina controlled indoor environment where suitable illumination can be apart of the camera set-up.

In outdoor situations, the angle and intensity of illumination is mostlydetermined by the position of the sun in the sky, presence of nearbyobjects, such as buildings and vegetation, and atmospheric conditions(clouds, haze, etc.). Additional controlled illumination to ensure aneven illumination across the face is almost never an option since theamount of light to compensate for the effects of the sun would requiresuch high intensity light sources as to make it utterly impractical. Forthese reasons facial image capture in unprotected outdoors environmentis practically impossible on a consistent basis.

The present invention may use a monochromatic light source and may equipthe camera with a narrow band pass filter which transmits almost all ofthe light reflected from the subject's face that originated from thismonochromatic light source. This filter also passes a small portion ofsunlight, that portion of the spectrum that lies within the pass band ofthe filter and reject all other sunlight. In this manner the influenceof sunlight is greatly reduced allowing suitable illumination to beprovided by only a relatively weak source of monochromatic light.

The present inventors have found distinct advantages in combining amonochromatic light source with a very narrow filter mounted over acamera lens to reject sunlight. The application of this method tocapture faces in varying daylight conditions greatly enhances theapplication of facial recognition technology in difficult outdoorconditions.

Another benefit of such deployment is that it works well during the dayas well as night since the filter removes almost all of the sunlight.Therefore, the monochromatic illumination source needs not to beadjusted and can remain switched on permanently. The present inventorsimplemented these principles using a 35 W low pressure sodium lamp,which emits light at two distinct wavelengths, i.e. 589.0 nm and 589.6nm, close enough to be considered monochromatic. A narrow band filterwith a nominal 10 nm wide (measured at half maximum transmission)pass-band centered about 590 nm was selected for experimental purposes.A filter with a narrower pass band may be used to provide even moresunlight attenuation.

As an illustration, the picture reproduced in FIG. 13 was taken with two500 W halogen lights placed about 2 feet away, to the left and above thesubject's head. While the left side of the image is relatively wellexposed (although a severe shadow exists under the eyebrow) the rightside of the image is entirely shaded and no details can be observed. Forcomparison, another picture (FIG. 14) was taken under the sameconditions with the exception of a 35 W low pressure sodium lamppositioned about 6 feet away from the subject close to the camera.Moreover, the camera was this time equipped with the narrow band passfilter. The effect of the two 500 W halogen lights has been reduced to aminor influence. Both sides of the image are well illuminated and noshadows can be noticed.

Illumination Module

The illumination module was designed to provide even-illuminated facialimages. In the simplest of terms, the facial image captured by thecamera is analyzed and the average light intensity of the left side ofthe face is compared to the average light intensity of the right side ofthe face. If an imbalance is measured, then the light output intensitiesof the light modules located to the left and right of the camera areadjusted automatically to obtain the most balanced condition. The samecan be done comparing the brightness of the upper part of the face andthe lower part.

Conventional light sources cannot be dimmed easily if at all (e.g. coldcathode fluorescent lights and fluorescent lights). Conventional lightsources cannot be dimmed without changing the color temperature of theemitted light such as in the case of incandescent (including halogen)lights. This means that as the color temperature changes, the lightbalance of the color camera is adjusted. In conventional light sources,the modulation frequencies are entirely incompatible with fasterexposure (shutter) times. For example, with cold cathode fluorescentlight and fluorescent light, main frequencies of 50 Hz/60 Hz areentirely incompatible with exposure (shutter) times of 1/50 second orfaster.

In the present invention, lighting control is based on face finding,landmark finding and light intensity levels in each of 4 quadrants ofthe face. The present inventors have overcome the above-mentionedproblems by using white LEDs modulated at a frequency of greater than 10kHz.

Smart/Intelligent/Adaptive Illumination

The success of facial recognition depends to a large extent on thequality of the facial images to be compared. The quality of the facialimage in turn depends on many factors such as the sensitivity,resolution, dynamic range, responsivity, etc. of the camera (by camerahere is meant the entire system; lens, sensor and electronics). Itfurthermore depends on the intensity and directivity of the lightshining on the face.

In most situations where facial images are captured, a suitable camerasystem can be specified that captures good quality images provided theillumination of the face meets certain requirements. Seldom does theenvironment in which a camera is installed provide adequate illuminationof the face necessitating the use of extra illumination sources. Thereare three main basic problems with the ambient illumination conditionsin a given locale: insufficient light, inadequate illumination directionand variable illuminating conditions. Many indoor locations are notsufficiently lit to provide adequate illumination. This can often onlypartially be overcome by using faster lenses at the expense of reduceddepth of focus or by using cameras with larger sensors and/or moresensitive sensors which are costly. Many indoor locations have onlyoverhead lighting which result in shadows being cast from above. Oftenthis causes shadows to be cast across the eye sockets thereby making thecorrect determination of the center of the eyes more difficult, if notaltogether impossible. The correct determination of the center of theeyes is one of the most important metrics in facial recognition.

Outdoor applications experience wildly fluctuating illuminationconditions depending on the position of the sun in the sky and theamount of cloud cover, mist or rain. Indoor applications, too, sufferoften from fluctuating illumination conditions, especially if there arenearby windows or glass doors, as often is the case.

Although additional, well placed, illumination sources can provide somerelief in certain locations this is not always the case or practical.For example, in order to compensate a condition where the sun is more orless directly above or behind a subject's head, very powerful additionalfrontal illumination would have to be employed as to blind the subjector at least be very uncomfortable to him/her. Although this clearlywould be an extreme case, a much less severe situation, that being anindoor application with windows or transparent doors nearby, stillpresent a situation where simple additional light sources are notsufficient to guarantee an even, well lit illumination across the faceover time.

Smart Illumination

Since the facial recognition process involves finding a face in animage, the present inventors apply image processing techniques todetermine, for example, if the overall level of illumination of the faceis sufficient, if both sides of the face are equally illuminated andwhether there are shadows cast across the face and especially across theeye sockets. The results of this analysis are transformed into commandsto illumination sources, the output of which are controllable, so as toobtain the desired illumination profile across the face of the subject.

In a typical situation, a first image is obtained using defaultillumination settings which may be fixed (constant) or be derived fromhistorical data (such as time of day or an average of a recent number ofoptimized settings) or by other heuristic means. This first image isthen analyzed and the optimized illumination profile computed beforetaking other images for facial recognition purposes.

Although, in principle, a number of illuminating technologies can beused applying the above described concept, most are not practical inthis application. The use of incandescent lights (including halogen) isrestricted because of their change in color temperature when dimmed andalso their relative slow response times (tens of milliseconds). The useof fluorescent lights is also restricted due to slow start-up time,their limited dimming range and the relative high cost of electronics ofthe dimming circuitry. Most other illuminating technologies have avariety of other associated problems; however the recent advancements inwhite LEDs present a suitable solution. The efficiency (lumens per watt)of these LEDs equal that of incandescent and halogen lights. Also, thepresent invention is adapted to utilize LEDs having an efficiency thatis comparable to fluorescent lights. Moreover their cost (dollars perlumen) has steadily declined and is now at a point where they competeeffectively in certain applications.

In the application described above the use of white LEDs is particularlyattractive since they have a full spectrum output with a range of colortemperatures optimized for such applications. Furthermore they can bedimmed over the full range (0%-100%) without a noticeable change incolor temperature. Also, this dimming can be done effectively (i.e.,without wasting much energy) using pulse-width-modulation technique.Lastly, the response time (turn-on or turn-off) is in thesub-microsecond range allowing precise timing control of theillumination, reducing overall power requirements and inconvenience tothe user.

In a typical application, the illumination sources would be on at areduced level so as to save power and extend the life of these sources.A first image would be taken using default settings and further imagestaken at the computed intensity levels for the various illuminationsources. These computed intensity levels can be applied for the durationof the image taking session or only during those times when the actualimages are taken. This latter scenario would mean that the sources are“strobed” every time an image is taken.

The present inventors have developed devices, software, systems andmethods of face-finding in an image and using that facial image tocontrol the illumination sources to optimize the illumination across theface. When properly implemented, the present devices, software, systems,and methods increase the accuracy of facial recognition in manyapplications because the process results in images that are bettersuited for facial recognition purposes.

Advanced Tracking Algorithm (Developed and Tested for Foot Traffic TypeSystem)

In a surveillance application it is of utmost importance to be able toprocess as many facial images in the shortest amount of time. It wouldbe a waste of processing power (and time) to find faces in each andevery image and carry out face recognition. This waste is avoided bydetermining that the face recognition has already been performed inprevious images. It is computationally much less intensive to track theface once a good image of a particular face has been acquired comparedwith face recognition, especially if the databases to be searched arelarge.

Face tracking has been developed to a high degree but cannot be usedwhen the face is turned away from the camera. Other video trackingmethods must then be employed for tracking purposes and once the face isturned again towards the camera a simple comparison (i.e. is this thesame face as the face tracker was tracking before it switched over tothe video tracking mode?) is made to ascertain if it is the same personrather than searching through a database to see who it might be. Thereare many methods of tracking; face and video object tracking havealready been mentioned, but others have been developed based onposition, orientation, trajectory, speed, etc. These are not as robustby themselves but still can provide a high degree of likelihood that acertain face is the same as assumed. Again a simple comparison is allthat is required to confirm or deny that assumption.

Tracking within the field-of-view of the camera has been expanded topersons that cross in front of one another in the field of view of thecamera by calculating trajectory paths and instantaneous positions.Tracking is not necessarily defined to objects within the field-of-viewof the camera but can also be applied to persons that disappear from thefield-of-view and re-appear based on position, trajectory and elapsedtime. This idea has been expanded to multiple cameras whosefields-of-view do not necessarily overlap. Again based on position,trajectory and speed some assumptions may be made as to when a personwho leaves the field-of-view of one camera enters the field-of-view ofthe next camera.

By employing various tracking methods and methodologies the performanceof and speed of any given surveillance type system enhanced tremendouslyand the advantages gained can be traded off, if so desired, by employingfewer cameras, using less powerful or fewer computers etc.

The present inventors have developed an approach as described hereinthat perfects and improves many tracking methods by integrating numerousmethods of tracking into a single very powerful tracking/predictionalgorithm.

Biometric Enrollment—Backdrop Shadow Removal

In a conventional photographic set-up, illumination sources are requiredto illuminate the face and reduce any shadows on it. In a professionalstudio, light sources are placed some distance apart and directed at atypical angle of 45 degrees to the subject. When a back-drop is used,which is normally the case, a strobe light is often employed to wash outany shadows on the back-drop the light sources would otherwise create.In enrollment situations such conditions are almost never attainable dueto lack of space and/or money. Therefore, a camera and one or more lightsources in close proximity to this camera are used as well as a backdropsituated closely behind the subject (in order to save space). Such aset-up causes shadows from the face to be projected by these lightsources on the backdrop which is considered objectionable by many usersof such an enrollment system. In order to eliminate such shadows aset-up is presented here that eliminates such shadows.

The normal backdrop is replaced with a light-box which produces anevenly illuminated face front when switched on. Such a light box mayemploy fluorescent tubes, incandescent lamps, LEDs etc. although theevenness of illumination on the front surface of the box typically meansthe use of optics and diffusers when using these sources. More suitablecandidates are electroluminescent panels and side-illuminated LED panels(as used in large flat screen televisions). Such panels can be verythin, one millimeter thick for electro-fluorescent sheets and less than1 inch (2.54 cm) thick for side-illuminated LED panels.

In operation, two images are taken of the subject in rapid sequence.During the exposure of one of these images the light box is switched on(FIG. 15) and in the other it is off (FIG. 16). During that exposurewhen the light box is switched on, no light from it falls on the face ofthe subject that is visible to the camera since the light box is rightbehind the subject. Once these two images are acquired, they arecompared. Those image pixels that show sufficient different value areidentified as being part of the background. Once identified, thesepixels can be replaced by any value or pattern desired (FIG. 17). Thisconcept requires that the light box can be switched on and off veryfast, which is the case for both electroluminescent panels and LEDpanels.

The requirement for the camera to take images in rapid succession iseasily met by the current generation of cameras. Exposure times of1/50-th of a second or 1/25-th of a second apart are sufficient toacquire high quality images without any discernable motion of the posingsubject being noticeable.

FIGS. 15 and 16 are images taken of the head of a dummy. The backgroundis a LCD monitor covered with cheesecloth (to diffuse the light and,more importantly, to prevent Moiré effects). Moiré effects are generatedwhen the spatial pixel frequency of the camera is effectively close tothat of the monitor. In FIG. 15 the LCD monitor is switched on, whereasin FIG. 16 the LCD monitor is switched on.

By analyzing these images and determining which pixels exhibit asignificant change in their brightness value the backdrop can beidentified. These pixels can then be overwritten with any arbitraryvalue (such as e.g. 18% grey, a common value), which is done in FIG. 17.Note that any grey scale or color value can be assigned or, indeed, anypattern can be applied to the background once identified.

Enrollment Application Baseline Additions and Modifications

Additional embodiments are within the scope of the present invention.The additions and modifications discussed below may be required toadvance capabilities and to further elaborate on the enrollment process.For example, certain embodiments are described for existing clients,such as the U.S. Postal Service, the U.S. Department of State, U.S. Navyand U.S. Air Force, expressing deep interest in the present enrollmentsystem (both hardware and software). The following modifications andadditions are provided as outlined below.

Fingerprint Template Generator

The fingerprint template generator may be adapted to generate INCITS 378finger images for both left and right index fingers (typical for UnitedStates Government Identification Credential Programs) or any other/allfingers as may be required by the customer. This standard allowsinteroperability of templates for use with 1 to 1 biometric matching.NIST recognizes the template generator algorithm of the presentinvention as the best INCITS 378 template generator of all thosesubmitted and tested to date.

Enrollment Summary Screen

For the case where enrollment is semi-assisted, for example, as aservice offering to citizens by the United States Postal Service (USPS)personnel, in one embodiment, it may be desirable to add the followingto support proof that the individual standing in front of the kiosk didin fact use his or her proper documents or biometrics during capture.This can be achieved by adding the following options:

Add the extracted photo from the passport (if provided), from theDrivers License (if provided) to the summary screen and label the photosaccordingly. This provides the enrollment operator with proof that theenrollee standing in front of them in fact used their specific passportand/or drivers license during the unattended enrollment process.

The iris unit may be adapted to capture a photo at the same time as theiris capture occurs. If included, then the photo can be captured andalso included in the summary screen and labeled as such. In oneembodiment, the iris vendor unit may be configured such that a photo ofthe individual having his or her iris's photographed may be obtainedalong with the image of the iris itself. The present invention may havea facial camera in the main body of the kiosk, and the capture processmay be integrated along with the iris capture processing.

The combination of driver's license and/or passport pictures lifted fromthe breeder documents, facial image captured during enrollment and irisphoto taken during iris capture aid in the overall integrity of theenrollee's enrollment and serves as later adjudication validationprocess verification within the card management adjudication processsession. This is yet another point of superiority over others in theenrollment field and more importantly, a feature that is critical tocustomer needs pre, in-process and post identity proofing.

The present invention includes collection of enrollee provided documentsand a capture validation process. The documents that may be collectedare not limited in any way but may include all documents that have beencaptured during the enrollment of the particular enrollee (e.g.,Drivers' License, Passport) along with an image cropped from eachrespective document along with photos of the individual captured duringphoto capture, fingerprint capture, iris capture and signature capture.

Citizen Data

The present invention allows for the capture of more than one document.For example, the present invention may be adapted to provide thecapability for the capture of both the Drivers' License and Passportduring enrollment. The present invention may be adapted to allow eitherdocument or both documents to be captured or provided by the enrollee.

Breeder documents vary between end-customers, so software configurationcontrol may be provided based on the particular enrollment beingprocessed. Each enrollment regardless of end-customer may accommodatemultiple breeder document capture and validation.

With this said, it should be noted that there exists a small number ofacceptable breeder documents with much overlap of acceptability betweenend-customers. As such, when processing breeder documents, the monitordisplay may provide icons for each of the acceptable breeder documentsfor the specific enrollment being processed and account for the minimumnumber of required breeder documents to successfully meet theend-customer's enrollment requirements.

The kiosk (e.g., 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, etc.) of the present inventionis configured to capture and process documents required for obtaining avariety of other documents, including documents required to obtain aU.S. Passport. The kiosk is configured to process documents thatinclude, but are not limited to: driver's licenses, credit cards, I-9forms, birth certificates, previous passports, citizenship certificates,consular reports of birth, school records, baptismal certificates,census records, bible records, doctor's records, marriage certificates,social security cards, library cards, military identification documents,and others. The present kiosk design provides a scanner for passportsized documents in addition to a reader for card size breeder documents.The kiosk also contains a sheet-feed scanner that may be adapted toaccept 8½ inch (0.22 m)×variable length documents. The scanners may bemodified to scan any size document as needed. The card size reader has amechanical transport mechanism that grabs the cards edge once the cardis manually put in contact with the unit that consumes the card fordigitization and return to the enrollee.

All standard card size breeder documents may be processed through thecard reader unit. The document scanner unit may be adapted to capturethe front and back of the presented card in one pass and processed underboth white light and infrared light. These images may be made part ofthe enrollment record.

If a particular enrollment type being processed requires that anidentity card be verified for authenticity, that card may then berequested to be read by the scanner to perform this function. Theenrollee or operator must manually place the card within the scanner.The card may be requested face down into the scanner, the scanner mayperform image capture and audibly beep upon completion plus be promptedthrough the monitor display to remove the card and reinsert it into thescanner back side of card down. This manual process of imaging the frontand back of the card may be required of all card size breeder documentsrequiring authenticity verification. Once the backside of the card isprocessed the scanner beeps and the monitor prompts the user to removethe card from the scanner and proceed to the next step in the enrollmentprocess.

Note: The scanner through the SDK of the present invention and librarycontains a configuration setting that commands the kiosk scanner to readthe card, beep when scanned for the enrollee or operator to remove thecard, flip it over and insert it again for a scan of the back side ofthe card. The scanner may again beep confirming to the enrollee oroperator to remove the card.

Additional breeder documents as required based on the particularenrollment type to be processed may also be requested for digitizationand appropriately processed.

Candidate Design Vision:

The enrollment application contains a software configuration that isexecuted at run-time with these controls that later provide and drivethe corresponding enrollment process. Document Capture icons arecompiled and displayed per the configuration settings to guide and drivethe enrollee or operator.

Each document icon is selectable (one at a time) by the enrollee oroperator to kick-off that documents capture, digitization and ifapplicable authenticity verification. This process is driven by the typeof document being captured. For example, if a Driver's License, MilitaryID, Common Access Card or Passport Card is selected, the documentscanner may be adapted to capture the card followed by insertion intothe scanner for authenticity check. If a Passport is selected, then thescanner would be used to capture the document and perform authenticityverification.

After each document is processed, that specific icon is grayed out andno longer active to select. Prompts on the screen are given based on thespecific requirements of the enrollment being processed such that theenrollee is guided with information pertinent to what documents applyand what or how many documents are “left to go” based on mandatoryrequirements imposed by the end-customer for enrollment compliance.

Once the requirements are met the enrollment process automatically movesto the next steps in the enrollment process.

Note that evidence may be captured of whom (enrollee or operator) isproviding the documents each time a document is selected or feed intothe appropriate scanner for chain of evidence processing.

Digital Signature Screen

A touch-screen numerical keypad may be provided for Enrollee passwordgeneration as an addition to the PIV required use of passwords and foruse as a temporary password during the card activation process. Thisdata may be forwarded to a system that uses enrollment data entry in XMLformat through an existing field such as Address Field 1.

One possible layout provides the keypad in relatively large size. Thelayout may be adapted to look like a phone keypad that provides a lowbeep tone when a number is selected. The present invention may beadapted to include a counter to provide feedback to the user on how manynumbers have been selected/pushed and how many total digits arerequired. For example, “You have entered 3 digits of the required 8digit PIN”.

The software may have a configurable parameter to set the size of thenumerical password and for the message to be displayed to the enrollee.Default message for display may be (x indicates PIN number size), “Enteryour x digit PIN number to be used to protect your Card”. The user maybe prompted to enter a password that is x size in length based on theconfigured password size.

Facial Image Capture

The present process requires the operator or enrollee to touch the liveimage window to capture the image which then transfers to the bottomleft window along with landmarks. The process of creating anICAO/INCITS/ISO image requires the user to touch the “Normalize” buttonto then do the normalization and create/show the normalized image. Theprocess may be changed so that once an image is selected (touching thelive image window) the landmark image and normalized image processautomatically. The process may be changed so that the size of the imagesis all the same size and displayed in a row across.

Fingerprint Capture

The fingerprint sensors may be enabled manually or automatically.Buttons such as “Connect”/“Disconnect” may be provided or removed asneeded.

Enrollment Application Start-Up and Control

In the present invention, the Enrollment application startup may beadapted to commence with a user double-clicking the applicationshort-cut icon on the desktop. The concept of “enrollment selectivity”has surfaced many times as to how to handle multiple types of enrollmentneeds. As for example, at one kiosk, three different enrollment needssuch as HSPD-12 PIV, Department of Transportation Transportation WorkerIdentification Credential (TWIC) and First Responder may be required andprovided. The present invention allows an individual to know whatenrollment application to select so as to assure that a proper andcorrect enrollment is processed. The present invention provides a solidresponse and method to assure the above. Specifically, the presentinvention includes functionality in the enrollment application asfollows (using the USPS as an example):

An Individual requiring an enrollment enters a USPS or other enrollmentfacility and proceeds to the checkout counter. The clerk processes theindividual as appropriate, by scanning the appropriate enrollmentbarcode from their worksheet, receiving payment (if required) andprinting a receipt to be used at the enrollment kiosk. The printedreceipt contains a unique barcode for the specific enrollment that isrequired.

The individual approaches the kiosk, selects “Start Enrollment” from themain window on the kiosk screen and is prompted to scan their receipt onthe Passport reader device. The reader scans the receipt, and theapplication processes the barcode to select the proper enrollmentconfiguration file for the appropriate enrollment process.

When the enrollment is fully completed or if the user abortedenrollment, the application always returns to “Start Enrollment” Window.Memory is flushed clean and all data is removed within the application,which preserves integrity of the system and security of all collecteddata.

From an architecture and deployment perspective, the start enrollmentmodule may be configuration file controlled so as to maintainenrollments as are required. That is, the present invention may beadapted to add additional enrollment types and their associated barcodenumbers by changing the configuration file. The start application thenlaunches the enrollment application and its corresponding configurationfile that controls the enrollment application process (i.e., titles,biometrics to collect, breeder documents to collect, order to collect,quality requirements, etc.). In providing the above, the presentinvention maintains flexibility and configuration control through theconfiguration files.

Web Service—Controller

As will always be the case with enrollment kiosk deployments, one ormore kiosks may be deployed in the field and require communications to acentral function so that enrollment records can be accepted,manipulated, stored and/or processed.

The Web Service Controller may serve as the kiosk's single point ofconnectivity, control and status reporting.

Security is a critical factor in an enrollment system as the integrityof the enrollment data record and privacy of enrollee's personalinformation is paramount in all regards. To this, the system may utilizeTecSec Constructive Key Management (CKM) product to secure the data androles of use, be it personnel or machine interaction, transfer orviewing. CKM is recognized as an X.9 standard and is a heavily patentedproduct that covers Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), XML and manyother security implementations of data.

As kiosks are distributed in various locations, they must be considered“in the wild” given that the element of their trust is unknown andnon-existent. This also applies to kiosk to Web Service communications.Therefore, a secure communications protocol between kiosks and the WebService must be established to ensure that rouge kiosks are not allowedcommunications with the Web Service to submit enrollment data recordsand that data transferred is transferred with security and integrity.

Auditing and log functions must be provided so that Administrators andManagement may utilize these services for accountability and as recordsof use history.

The Web Service must also be scalable so as to be able to handlethousands of connected kiosks operating at random intervals across thekiosks physical domain space.

Web Service—Pre-Filters

As enrollments records are created and communicated to the Web ServiceCentral Interface, pre-filter checks must be available as an option tobe determined by the Customer. Pre-filter checks include all, none orany combination of facial, fingerprint and iris one-to-many biometricmatching. The Web Service must be configurable to meet each customer'sspecific requirements for pre-filter biometric checks. The process foreach of these pre-filters includes duplicate checking of enrollmentrecords through facial, fingerprint, and iris matching.

Specifically, the process includes duplicate checking of enrollmentrecords through facial image biometric matching against the then currentenrollment population. As enrollments are being processed, a facialimage database and matching system may be installed/created so thatevery new enrollment record is one-to-many matched to assure that aduplicate enrollee is not processed by the system. The process for thiscommences by the Web Service parsing out the facial image of thereceived enrollment record and passing this image through its interfaceto the facial image matching system. The received enrollment record isheld by the Web Service until a match result is received back from thefacial image matching system. If a match is found, the Web Servicereceives this result along with the record data that the enrollmentimage matched against. The Web Service then forwards this data plus thedate/time stamp of the match result and facial image matching system IDto the Adjudication system for further processing. The record is thensent to the enrollment database system with a duplicate match flag setand the corresponding record number that resulted in a duplicate matchresult. If a no match results from the one-to-many match, the WebService receives this result from the match system, packages/formats therecord as required and sends the data to the data record storage system.The no-match (non-duplicate) field is set to True and provided alongwith match time and date stamp and matcher system ID appended to thisrecord.

The process also includes duplicate checking of enrollment recordsthrough biometric matching (finger, face, iris, signature, voice, etc.)against the then current enrollment population. Using fingerprintmatching as an example, as enrollments are being processed, afingerprint database and matching system may be installed/created sothat every new enrollment record is one-to-many matched to assure that aduplicate enrollee is not processed by the system. The process for thiscommences by the Web Service parsing out the fingerprint images of thereceived enrollment record and passing these image through its interfaceto the fingerprint matching system. The received enrollment record isheld by the Web Service until a match result is received back from thefingerprint matching system. If a match is found, the Web Servicereceives this result along with the record data that the enrollmentimage matched against. The Web Service then forwards this data plus thedate/time stamp of the match result and fingerprint matching system IDto the Adjudication system for further processing. The record is thensent to the enrollment database system with a duplicate match flag setand the corresponding record number that resulted in a duplicate matchresult. If a no match results from the one-to-many match, the WebService receives this result from the match system, packages/formats therecord as required and sends the data to the data record storage system.The no-match (non-duplicate) field is set to True and provided alongwith match time and date stamp and matcher system ID appended to thisrecord.

The process also includes duplicate checking of enrollment recordsthrough iris biometric matching against the then current enrollmentpopulation. As enrollments are being processed, an iris database andmatching system may be installed/created so that every new enrollmentrecord is one-to-many matched to assure that a duplicate enrollee is notprocessed by the system. The process for this commences by the WebService parsing out the iris images of the received enrollment recordand passing these images through its interface to the iris matchingsystem. The received enrollment record is held by the Web Service untila match result is received back from the iris matching system. If amatch is found, the Web Service receives this result along with therecord data that the enrollment image matched against. The Web Servicethen forwards this data plus the date/time stamp of the match result andiris matching system ID to the Adjudication system for furtherprocessing. The record is then sent to the enrollment database systemwith a duplicate match flag set and the corresponding record number thatresulted in a duplicate match result. If a no match results from theone-to-many match, the Web Service receives this result from the matchsystem, packages/formats the record as required and sends the data tothe data record storage system. The no-match (non-duplicate) field isset to True and provided along with match time and date stamp andmatcher system ID appended to this record. The same can be said andexplained for facial, voice and signature biometrics.

Web Service—Record Store and Forward

After pre-filter processing, the Web Service may forward the enrollmentrecord as required by the Customer. The default forwarding of theenrollment record may be to a commercially available database in apre-defined format. Each record may contain the fields defined andprovided in an Enrollment Record Data library document (ERDL). The ERDLcontains all enrollment, system and configuration data fields along withtheir respective security classification.

The Web Service—Record Store and Forward may also provide a means toformat enrollment data as required by Customers for other third partydatabases system and proprietary systems. For example, the presentinvention may include a system that uses enrollment data entry in XMLformat.

In all cases, the Web Service may provide a means to store system data(non-specific enrollment Data) for future use and reference. This datais import to Administrators and Systems Engineering for system supportand metrics analysis.

Kiosk Discovery

As kiosks are brought on-line within the domain space, the Web Servicemay provide or be provided with a means to register the kiosk as anappropriate and active enrollment device for all future enrollment datatransmissions and storage requests.

The registration process may provide a means to establish a known andtrusted device brought on-line from any location, communications path orinstallation service provider. Installers may not necessarily be viewedas trusted as they might not be known until the time of on-sightinstallation. Therefore a trusted protocol may not be establishedthrough personnel to achieve a trusted registration of an appropriatedevice.

In one aspect of the present invention, a registration key, or the like,may be installed during the application software installation phase ofbringing a kiosk to completion for installation. Registration of thiskey must also work with the Web Service so that the kiosk and WebService align properly once installed in the field and communicating tothe operational Web Service.

The present invention includes systems having processors to providevarious functionality to process information, and to determine resultsbased on inputs. Generally, the processing may be achieved with acombination of hardware and software elements. The hardware aspects mayinclude combinations of operatively coupled hardware componentsincluding microprocessors, logical circuitry, communication/networkingports, digital filters, memory, or logical circuitry. The processors maybe adapted to perform operations specified by a computer-executablecode, which may be stored on a computer readable medium.

The steps of the methods described herein may be achieved via anappropriate programmable processing device, such as an externalconventional computer or an on-board field programmable gate array(FPGA) or digital signal processor (DSP), that executes software, orstored instructions. In general, physical processors and/or machinesemployed by embodiments of the present invention for any processing orevaluation may include one or more networked or non-networked generalpurpose computer systems, microprocessors, field programmable gatearrays (FPGA's), digital signal processors (DSP's), micro-controllers,and the like, programmed according to the teachings of the exemplaryembodiments of the present invention, as is appreciated by those skilledin the computer and software arts. Appropriate software can be readilyprepared by programmers of ordinary skill based on the teachings of theexemplary embodiments, as is appreciated by those skilled in thesoftware arts. In addition, the devices and subsystems of the exemplaryembodiments can be implemented by the preparation ofapplication-specific integrated circuits or by interconnecting anappropriate network of conventional component circuits, as isappreciated by those skilled in the electrical arts. Thus, the exemplaryembodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardwarecircuitry and/or software.

Stored on any one or on a combination of computer readable media, theexemplary embodiments of the present invention may include software forcontrolling the devices and subsystems of the exemplary embodiments, fordriving the devices and subsystems of the exemplary embodiments, forprocessing data and signals, for enabling the devices and subsystems ofthe exemplary embodiments to interact with a human user, and the like.Such software can include, but is not limited to, device drivers,firmware, operating systems, development tools, applications software,and the like. Such computer readable media further can include thecomputer program product of an embodiment of the present invention forperforming all or a portion (if processing is distributed) of theprocessing performed in implementations. Computer code devices of theexemplary embodiments of the present invention can include any suitableinterpretable or executable code mechanism, including but not limited toscripts, interpretable programs, dynamic link libraries (DLLs), Javaclasses and applets, complete executable programs, and the like.Moreover, parts of the processing of the exemplary embodiments of thepresent invention can be distributed for better performance,reliability, cost, and the like.

Common forms of computer-readable media may include, for example, afloppy disk, a flexible disk, hard disk, magnetic tape, any othersuitable magnetic medium, a CD-ROM, CDRW, DVD, any other suitableoptical medium, punch cards, paper tape, optical mark sheets, any othersuitable physical medium with patterns of holes or other opticallyrecognizable indicia, a RAM, a PROM, an EPROM, a FLASH-EPROM, any othersuitable memory chip or cartridge, a carrier wave or any other suitablemedium from which a computer can read.

While particular implementations and applications of the presentinvention have been illustrated and described, it is to be understoodthat the present invention is not limited to the precise constructionand compositions disclosed herein and that various modifications,changes, and variations can be apparent from the foregoing descriptionswithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as definedin the appended claims. It is further understood that embodiments mayinclude any combination of features and aspects described herein.

1. A biometric enrollment kiosk for collecting personal data,comprising: a main module including a processor and one or morebiometric sensing devices coupled to the processor, the one or morebiometric sensing devices including: a right fingerprint sensor coupledto the processor and positioned proximate a right end of the mainmodule; and a left fingerprint sensor coupled to the processor andpositioned proximate a left end of the main module, the rightfingerprint sensor being positioned a predetermined distance apart fromthe left fingerprint sensor; and at least one modifiable sectionremovably coupled to the main module, the at least one modifiablesection including at least one first input device coupled to theprocessor.
 2. The kiosk of claim 1, further comprising software that isconfigurable based on individual customer needs.
 3. The kiosk of claim1, wherein the processor includes a security protocol that preventsaccess to any personal data collected during an enrollment session. 4.The kiosk of claim 1, wherein the main module comprises a scene cameracoupled to the processor, the processor sending a signal from the scenecamera to a remote location for remote monitoring or remote enrollmentproofing.
 5. The kiosk of claim 1, wherein the processor encrypts thecollected data via CKM encryption, XML encryption, or any other suitableencryption technique.
 6. The kiosk of claim 1, wherein the at least onefirst input device includes a smartcard reader configured to receive asmartcard, wherein the processor halts personal data collection if thesmartcard is removed from the smartcard reader or if the kiosk is beingtampered with or compromised by an unauthorized person.
 7. The kiosk ofclaim 1, wherein the main module is adjustable, the main module beingslidably coupled to a lift unit, the main module being configured tomove axially along the lift unit.
 8. The kiosk of claim 7, wherein theprocessor adjusts the main module to a home position after a previousbiometric enrollment session to minimize a necessary axial adjustmentwhen a next biometric enrollment session is initiated by a next person,wherein the home position is calculated based on an average height in aregion where the kiosk is located.
 9. The kiosk of claim 7, wherein aperson manually adjusts the axial position of the main module or theprocessor automatically adjusts the axial position of the main module.10. The kiosk of claim 1, further comprising at least one heightadjustment key set.
 11. The kiosk of claim 1, further comprising a firstheight adjustment button set and a second combination height and volumecontrol button set, the second combination height and volume controlbutton set positioned such that an operator may adjust the height orvolume without touching or otherwise interfering with a person beingenrolled.
 12. The kiosk of claim 1, wherein the one or more biometricsensing devices is a face camera for capturing an image of a face of aperson, the face camera being coupled to the processor; a dual iriscamera for capturing an image of a left iris and a right iris of theperson, the dual iris camera being coupled to the processor; a digitalsignature window for capturing a signature of the person, the digitalsignature window being coupled to the processor; or any combinationthereof.
 13. The kiosk of claim 1, wherein the one or more biometricsensing devices includes a dual iris camera coupled to the processor,the dual iris camera including a screen located proximate the dual iriscamera to provide guidance to a person being enrolled regarding theperson's positioning relative to the dual iris camera.
 14. The kiosk ofclaim 1, further comprising a second modifiable section removablycoupled to the main module, the second modifiable section including atleast one second input device coupled to the processor.
 15. The kiosk ofclaim 14, wherein the at least one first input device includes asmartcard reader; a single-side scanner, and a dual-side scanner forscanning identification cards and credit cards and wherein the at leastone second input device includes a dual-side scanner for scanningdocuments having a width of about 8.5 inches (0.22 m) or less and anylength.
 16. The kiosk of claim 1, wherein the at least one first inputdevice is a smartcard reader; a single-side scanner; a dual-side scannerfor scanning identification cards and credit cards; a dual-side scannerfor scanning documents having a width of about 8.5 inches (0.22 m) orless and any length; and any combination thereof.
 17. The kiosk of claim1, wherein the processor is configured to capture and verify integrityof all information present on an identifying document such as a passportor a state identification card provided by a person.
 18. The kiosk ofclaim 1, further comprising a keyboard, the keyboard being positionedbetween the right fingerprint sensor and the left fingerprint sensor.19. The kiosk of claim 1, wherein the right fingerprint sensor isseparated from the left fingerprint sensor by a horizontal distance ofat least about 12-14 inches (0.30 to 0.36 m) or at least about 17-19inches (0.43 to 0.48 m).
 20. The kiosk of claim 1, being configured toprovide written on-screen instructions and/or audio instructions to aperson being enrolled via speaker or headphones. 21-77. (canceled)